Allopurinol Tablets Bp 100mg
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Allopurinol Tablets BP 100mg
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains 100mg Allopurinol PhEur
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
White uncoated tablets
White, circular, biconvex, uncoated tablets impressed “C” and the identifying letters “AD” on either side of a central division line on one face.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Allopurinol and its major metabolite, oxipurinol, act by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which catalyses the end stage of the metabolism of purines to uric acid. Allopurinol and its metabolites are excreted by the kidney but the renal handling is such that allopurinol has a plasma half-life of about 1 hour whereas that of oxipurinol exceeds 18 hours. Thus therapeutic effect may be achieved by once-a-day dosage.
1) Prophylactic management of gout and other conditions of excess body urate: Allopurinol is used to reduce excessive urate levels (serum is theoretically saturated with urate at a concentration between 0.38-0.42mmol/l). The higher levels seen in practice may be accounted for by: a) the formation of saturated solutions; b) protein binding of urate. Excess body urate may be indicated by hyperuricaemia and/or hyperuricosuria. It may lead to disposition of urate in the tissues or it may be present with no obvious signs or symptoms.
The main clinical manifestations of urate disposition are gouty arthritis, skin tophi and/or renal involvement: Excess body urate is frequently of idiopathic origin but may also be found in association with the following other conditions: neoplastic disease and its treatment; certain enzyme disorders which lead to overproduction of urate and involving: hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, such as Lesch-Nyhanb syndrome, glucose-6-phosphatase, as in von Gierke’s disease or fosforibosylpyrofosfaatsynthetase; renal failure; renal calculus formation; diuretic therapy and psoriasis.
2) Calcium renal lithiasis: Allopurinol is of benefit in the prophylaxis and treatment of calcium renal lithiasis in patients with raised serum or urinary uric acid.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Initiation of therapy: In the initial stages of treatment with allopurinol, as with uricosuric agents, an acute attack of gouty arthritis may be precipitated. It is therefore advisable to give a suitable anti-inflammatory agent or colchicine for at least one month prophylactically.
Adults: Initially 100-300mg daily which may be given as a single dose. Doses in excess of 300mg should be administered in divided doses. It has rarely been necessary to exceed 900mg daily. The dose should be adjusted by monitoring serum uric acid and urinary uric acid levels at appropriate intervals in order that the dose may be adjusted until the desired effect is attained (this may take 1-3 weeks). The maintenance dose is usually 200-600mg daily.
Children: Use in children is mainly indicated for malignant conditions especially leukaemia, and certain enzyme disorders (eg Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) when the dosage is 10-20mg/kg bodyweight daily.
Use in the elderly: Dosage should be the minimum necessary to maintain normal serum and urinary urate levels.
Use with uricosurics: Oxipurinol, allopurinol's major metabolite which is itself therapeutically active, is excreted by the kidney in a similar way to urate. Drugs with uricosuric activity (eg probenecid or large doses of salicylate) may therefore accelerate the excretion of oxipurinol. This may decrease the therapeutic effect of allopurinol, however, the significance should be assessed on an individual basis.
In order to prevent acute uric acid nephropathy in neoplastic conditions, treatment with allopurinol should precede treatment with cytotoxic drugs.
Dose recommendations with impaired renal function: Impairment of renal function may lead to retention of allopurinol and its metabolites (which are excreted via the kidney) with consequent prolongation of action. Serum uric acid levels should therefore be monitored and the dose adjusted accordingly. The following dose recommendation is for use in adults:
|
Creatinine clearance: |
Dosage: |
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Over 20ml/minute 10-20ml/minute Under 10ml/minute |
Standard dose 100-200mg daily 100mg daily or less frequently |
Dose recommendations in renal disease: Allopurinol and it metabolites are removed by renal dialysis. If frequent dialysis is required, an alternative schedule of 300-400mg after each dialysis, with none in the interim, should be considered.
Method of Administration
For oral administration.
4.3 Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to allopurinol or to any of the ingredients of the product. Treatment for an acute attack of gout; prophylactic therapy may be commenced when the acute attack has completely subsided, provided anti-inflammatory agents are also taken.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Allopurinol should be withdrawn immediately when a skin rash or other evidence of sensitivity occurs as this could result in more serious hypersensitivity reactions (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) (see section 4.8).
A reduction in dosage should be considered in the presence of severe renal or hepatic disorders.
Life-threatening cutaneous reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermalnecrolysis (TEN)) have been reported with the use of allopurinol'
Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions.The highest risk for occurrence of SJS or TEN is within the first weeks of treatment.
If symptoms or signs of SJS or TEN (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present, allopurinol treatment should be discontinued.
The best results in managing SJS and TEN come from early diagnosis and immediate discontinuation of any suspect drug. Early withdrawal is associated with a better prognosis.
Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has also been reported with the use of allopurinol. DRESS is characterised by fever, eosinophilia, atypical circulating lymphocites, lymphadenopathy and hepatitis.
Hypersensitivity syndrome, SJS and TEN
Allopurinol hypersensitivity reactions can manifest in many different ways, including maculopapular exanthema, hypersensitivity syndrome (also known as DRESS ) and SJS/TEN. These reactions are clinical diagnoses, and their clinical presentations remain the basis for decision making. If such reactions occur at any time during treatment, allopurinol should be withdrawn immediately. Rechallenge should not be undertaken in patients with hypersensitivity syndrome and SJS/TEN. Corticosteroids may be beneficial in overcoming hypersensitivity skin reactions.
HLA-B*5801 allele
The HLA-B*5801 allele has been shown to be associated with the risk of developing allopurinol related hypersensitivity syndrome and SJS/TEN. The frequency of the HLA-B*5801 allele varies widely between ethnic populations: up to 20% in Han Chinese population, about 12% in the Korean population and 1-2% in individuals of Japanese or European origin. The use of genotyping as a screening tool to make decisions about treatment with allopurinol has not been established. If the patient is a known carrier of HLA-B*5801, the use of allopurinol may be considered if the benefits are thought to exceed risks. Extra vigilance for signs of hypersensitivity syndrome or SJS/TEN is required and the patient should be informed of the need to stop treatment immediately at the first appearance of symptoms.
Patients under treatment for hypertension or cardiac insufficiency, for example with diuretics or ACE inhibitors, may have some concomitant impairment of renal function and allopurinol should be used with care in this group.
Asymptomatic hyperuricaemia per se is generally not considered an indication for use of allopurinol. Fluid and dietary modification with management of the underlying cause may correct the condition.
Acute gouty attacks: Allopurinol treatment should not be started until an acute attack of gout has completely subsided, as further attacks may be precipitated.
In the early stages of treatment with allopurinol, as with uricosuric agents, an acute attack of gouty arthritis may be precipitated. Therefore it is advisable to give prophylaxis with a suitable anti-inflammatory agent or colchicine for at least one month. The literature should be consulted for details of appropriate dosage and precautions and warnings.
If acute attacks develop in patients receiving allopurinol, treatment should continue at the same dosage while the acute attack is treated with a suitable anti-inflammatory agent.
Xanthine deposition: In conditions where the rate of urate formation is greatly increased (e.g. malignant disease and its treatment, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) the absolute concentration of xanthine in urine could, in rare cases, rise sufficiently to allow deposition in the urinary tract. This risk may be minimised by adequate hydration to achieve optimal urine dilution.
Impaction of uric acid renal stones: Adequate therapy with Allopurinol will lead to dissolution of large uric acid renal pelvic stones, with the remote possibility of impaction in the ureter.
Lactose intolerance: Allopurinol tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interactions with other Medicaments and other forms of Interaction
6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine: If azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine is given concurrently with allopurinol, the dose of these agents should only be one quarter of that usually given as inhibition of xanthine oxidase will prolong their activity.
Vidarabine (Adenine Arabinoside): Evidence suggests that the plasma half-life of adenine arabinoside is increased in the presence of allopurinol and hence when these
two agents are administered concomitantly, extra vigilance is required to recognize enhanced toxic effects. There is no unequivocal evidence that allopurinol potentiates the activity of other cytotoxic drugs.
Salicylates and uricosuric agents: oxipurinol, the major metabolite of allopurinol and itself therapeutically active, is excreted by the kidney in a similar way to urate. Hence, drugs with uricosuric activity such as probenecid or large doses of salicylate may accelerate the excretion of oxipurinol. This may decrease the therapeutic activity of Zyloric, but the significance needs to be assessed in each case.
Coumarin anticoagulants: Although there is no evidence that an interaction between allopurinol and the coumarins seen under experimental conditions has any clinical significance, this possibility should be borne in mind when a patient on oral anticoagulants is given allopurinol.
Chlorpropamide: If allopurinol is given concomitantly with chlorpropamide when renal function is poor, there may be an increased risk of prolonged hypoglycaemic activity.
Phenytoin: Allopurinol may inhibit hepatic oxidation of phenytoin but the clinical significance has not been demonstrated.
Theophylline: Inhibition of the metabolism of theophylline has been reported. The mechanism of the interaction may be explained by xanthine oxidase being involved in the biotransformation of theophylline in man. Theophylline levels should be monitored in patients starting or increasing allopurinol therapy.
Ampicillin/Amoxicillin: An increase in the frequency of skin rash has been reported among patients receiving ampicillin or amoxicillin concurrently with allopurinol compared to patients who are not receiving both drugs. The cause of the reported association has not been established. However, it is recommended that in patients receiving allopurinol an alternative to ampicillin or amoxicillin is used where available.
Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, bleomycin, procarbazine, mechloroethamine: Enhanced bone marrow suppression by cyclophosphamide and other cytotoxic agents has been reported among patients with neoplastic disease (other than leukaemia), in the presence of allopurinol. However, in a well-controlled study of patients treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, bleomycin, procarbazine and/or mechloroethamine (chlormethine hydrochloride) allopurinol did not appear to increase the toxic reaction of these cytotoxic agents.
Ciclosporin: Reports suggest that the plasma concentration of ciclosporin may be increased during concomitant treatment with allopurinol. The possibility of enhanced ciclosporin toxicity should be considered if the drugs are co-administered.
Didanosine: In healthy volunteers and HIV patients receiving didanosine, plasma didanosine Cmax and AUC values were approximately doubled with concomitant allopurinol treatment (300 mg daily) without affecting terminal half life. Coadministration of these 2 drugs is generally not recommended. If concomitant use is unavoidable, a dose reduction of didanosine may be required, and patients should be closely monitored.
Antacids: Allopurinol may fail to reduce the blood-uric-acid concentrations when given at the same time as aluminium hydroxide. Intake of antacids and allopurinol should not separated by 3 hours.
Ace inhibitors: Concurrent use of allopurinol and ACE inhibitors may lead to an increased risk of haematological reactions such as leucopenia, especially if there is pre-existing renal failure.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
High dose intraperitoneal allopurinol in mice has been associated with foetal abnormalities but extensive animal studies with oral allopurinol have shown none. In human pregnancy, there is no evidence that allopurinol taken orally causes foetal abnormalities; however, as with all drugs, caution should be exercised in the use of allopurinol during pregnancy. Reports indicate that allopurinol and oxipurinol are excreted in human breast milk. Concentrations of 1.4mg/litre allopurinol and 53.7mg/litre oxipurinol have been demonstrated in breast milk from women taking allopurinol 300mg/day. However, there is no data concerning the effects of allopurinol or its metabolites on the breastfed baby.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Since adverse reactions such as somnolence, vertigo and ataxia have been reported in patients receiving allopurinol, patients should exercise caution before driving, using machinery or participating in dangerous activities until they are reasonably certain that allopurinol does not adversely affect performance.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
These are usually rare and mostly of a minor nature; the incidence is higher in the presence of renal and/or hepatic disorders.
For this product there is no modern clinical documentation which can be used as support for determining the frequency of undesirable effects. Undesirable effects may vary in their incidence depending on the dose received and also when given in combination with other therapeutic agents.
The frequency categories assigned to the adverse drug reactions below are estimates: for most reactions, suitable data for calculating incidence are not available. Adverse drug reactions identified through post-marketing surveillance were considered to be rare or very rare. The following convention has been used for the classification of frequency:
Very common (>1/10 (>10%)), Common (>1/100 and <1/10 (>1% and <10%)), Uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100 (>0.1% and <1%)), Rare (>1/10,000 and <1/1000 (>0.01% and <0.1%)), Very rare (<1/10,000 (<0.01%))
Infections and infestations
Very Rare: furunculosis,
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Very rare: thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis Frequency not known: leucopenia, eosinophilia, haemolytic anaemia
Reports of transient reduction in the number of circulating formed elements of the blood, are usually in association with a renal and/or hepatic disorder reinforcing the need for particular care in this group of patients.
Immune system disorders
A delayed multi-organ hypersensitivity disorder (known as hypersensitivity syndrome or DRESS) with fever, rashes, vasculitis, lymphadenopathy, pseudo lymphoma, arthralgia, leucopenia, eosinophilia, hepato-splenomegaly, abnormal liver function tests and vanishing bile duct syndrome (destruction and disappearance of the intrahepatic bile ducts) occurring in various combinations. Other organs may also be affected (e.g. liver, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, myocardium, and colon). If such reactions do occur, it may be at any time during treatment, Allopurinol tablets should be withdrawn immediately and permanently.
When generalised hypersensitivity reactions have occurred, renal and/or hepatic disorder has usually been present particularly when the outcome has been fatal.
Uncommon: Hypersensitivity reactions
Very rare: Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, anaphylaxis Frequency not known: arthralgia
Associated vasculitis and tissue response may be manifested in various ways including hepatitis, interstitial nephritis and, very rarely, epilepsy. Corticosteroids may be beneficial in overcoming them. When generalised hypersensitivity reactions have occurred, a renal and/or hepatic disorder has usually been present, particularly when the outcome has been fatal.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders Very rare: diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia
Frequency not known: exacerbation of gouty attacks (see section 4.4)
Psychiatric disorders
Very rare: depression,
Nervous system disorders
Very rare: ataxia, coma, headache, neuropathy, paraesthesia, paralysis, somnolence, taste perversion Frequency not known: dizziness
Eye disorders
Very rare: cataract, macular changes, visual disorders
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Very rare: vertigo
Cardiac disorders
Very rare: angina, bradycardia
Vascular disorders Very rare: hypertension Frequency not known: vasculitis
Gastrointestinal disorders
Uncommon: nausea, vomiting
Very rare: changed bowel habit, stomatitis, steatorrhoea, haematemisis Frequency not known: diarrhoea, abdominal pain,
Hepatobiliary disorders
Uncommon: asymptomatic increases in liver function tests
Rare: Hepatitis (including hepatic necrosis and granulomatous hepatitis)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Common: rash
Very Rare: alopecia, angioedema, discoloured hair, fixed drug eruptions. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs): Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxicepidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported (see section 4.4).
Frequency not known: skin reaction associated with eosinophilia, urticaria. Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms has been reported. Some cases have had a fatal outcome.
Skin reactions are the most common reactions and may occur at any time during treatment.
They may be pruritic, maculopapular, sometimes scaly or purpuric, associated with exfoliation, fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia and/or eosinophilia resembling Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and/or Lyell's. Allopurinol should be withdrawn immediately should such reactions occur.
If desired, after recovery from mild reactions, allopurinol may be reintroduced at a low dose (eg 50mg/day) which may be gradually increased. If the rash recurs, allopurinol should be permanently withdrawn.
The HLA-B*5801 allele has been has been identified as a genetic risk factor for allopurinol associated SJS/TEN in retrospective, case-control, pharmacogenetic studies in patients of Han Chinese, Japanese and European descent. Up to 20-30% of some Han Chinese, African and Indian populations carry the HLA-B*5801 allele whereas only 1-2% of Northern European, US European and Japanese patients are estimated to be HLA-B*5801 carriers. However, the use of genotyping as a screening tool to make decisions about treatment with allopurinol has not been established.
The clinical diagnosis of SJS/TEN remains the basis for decision making. If such reactions occur at any time during treatment, allopurinol should be withdrawn immediately and permanently.
Renal and urinary disorders Very rare: haematuria, uraemia Frequency not known: nephrolithiasis
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Very rare: gynaecomastia, impotence, infertility Frequency not known: nocturnal emissions
General disorders and administration site conditions
Very rare: asthenia, fever, general malaise, oedema
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme; website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
4.9 Overdose
No reports of overdosage or acute intoxication are available. Massive absorption of allopurinol may lead to considerable inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity, which should have no untoward effects unless adenine arabinoside, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine is being taken concurrently. In this case, the risk of increased activity of these drugs must be recognized.
Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, headache, somnolence and abdominal pain. Rarely, there may be renal insufficiency and hepatitis.
Treatment
The benefit of gastric decontamination is uncertain. Consider activated charcoal (charcoal dose: 50 g for adults; 1 g/ kg for children) if the patient presents within 1 hour of ingestion of more than 50 mg/kg. If more than 50 mg/kg has been ingested check U&Es and LFTs.
Adequate hydration to maintain optimum diuresis facilitates excretion of allopurinol and its metabolites. Other measures as indicated by the patient's clinical condition. Haemodialysis is unlikely to be required. Haemodialysis may be considered in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Allopurinol is used in the prevention and treatment of gout.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Allopurinol is absorbed from the GI tract and is reported to have a plasma half life of about one hour. It is rapidly converted in the body to oxipurinol (alloxanthine) which is also an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with a reported half life of 18-30 hours. Allopurinol and oxipurinol are not bound to serum proteins and are excreted mainly in the urine.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Not applicable
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Also contains:
Maize starch Carmellose sodium Cellulose
Sodium lauryl sulphate Lactose
Magnesium stearate
6.2 Incompatibilities
None known
6.3 Shelf life
Shelf-life
Three years from the date of manufacture.
Shelf-life after dilution/reconstitution Not applicable Shelf-life after first opening Not applicable
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 25°C in a dry place
6.5 Nature and contents of container
The product containers are rigid injection moulded polypropylene or injection blow-moulded polyethylene containers with snap-on polyethylene lids; in case any supply difficulties should arise the alternative is amber glass containers with screw caps.
The product may also be supplied in blister packs in cartons:
a) Carton: Printed carton manufactured from white folding box board.
b) Blister pack: (i) 250pm white rigid PVC. (ii) Surface printed 20pm hard temper aluminium foil with 5-7g/M2 PVC and PVdC compatible heat seal lacquer on the reverse side.
Pack sizes: 28’s, 30’s, 56’s, 60’s, 84’s, 90’s, 100’s, 112's, 1000's.
Product may also be supplied in bulk packs, for reassembly purposes only, in polybags contained in tins, skillets or polybuckets filled with suitable cushioning material. Bulk packs are included for temporary storage of the finished product before final packaging into the proposed marketing containers.
Maximum size of bulk packs: 25,000.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Not applicable
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Actavis UK Limited (Trading style: Actavis)
Whiddon Valley Barnstaple North Devon EX32 8NS
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
PL 0142/0146
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
28/11/1980 / 21/03/2005
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
26/06/2015