Atenolol Tablets Bp 50mg
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
ATENOLOL TABLETS BP 50mg
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains 50mg Atenolol Ph.Eur.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Film-coated tablets.
White, circular, biconvex film-coated tablets impressed “A” on one side and “H” on the other side of a score line on one face, plain on the reverse.
The tablet can be divided into equal halves.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
1) For the management of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac dysrhythmias.
2) For early intervention in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.
4.2. Posology and method of administration
Posology
Adults and children over 12 years:
Hypertension: Most patients respond to 100mg daily given as a single dose. Some patients, however, will respond to 50mg given as a single daily dose. The effect will be fully established after one to two weeks. A further reduction in blood pressure may be achieved by combining atenolol with other antihypertensive agents.
Angina: Most patients respond to 100mg once daily or 50mg twice daily. It is unlikely that a higher daily dose would be additionally beneficial.
Dysrhythmias: Initially controlled intravenously. A suitable oral maintenance dosage is 50-100mg daily, given as a single dose.
Myocardial Infarction'. In suitable patients, initially controlled intravenously, followed by 50mg orally about 15 minutes after the intravenous dose provided no adverse effects occur. This should be followed by a further 50mg orally 12 hours later and then 12 hours later by 100mg orally to be given once daily. If bradycardia and/or hypotension requiring treatment, or other adverse effects occur, atenolol should be discontinued.
The Elderly: Dosage requirements may be reduced, especially in patients with impaired renal function.
Children under 12 years: Atenolol is not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age.
Renal failure: Atenolol is excreted via the kidneys, therefore the dosage will need to be adjusted in severe renal conditions. No significant accumulation of atenolol occurs at a GFR greater than 35ml/min/1.73m2 (normal range is 100-150ml/min/1.73m ). For patients with a creatinine clearance of 15-35ml/min/1.73m2 the oral dose should be 50mg daily or 100mg once every two days, and for those with a creatinine clearance of less than 15ml/min/1.73m2 the oral dose should be 50mg once every two days or 100mg once every four days.
Patients on haemodialysis should be given 50mg orally after each dialysis, when careful observations for a fall in blood pressure should be exercised.
Method of Administration For oral administration.
4.3. Contraindications
Atenolol, as with other beta-blockers, should not be used in patients with any of the following:
• Second or third degree heart block
• Cardiogenic shock
• Uncontrolled heart failure
• Sick sinus syndrome (including sino-atrial block)
• Untreated phaeochromocytoma
• Metabolic acidosis
• Bradycardia (less than 45-50 beats per minute)
• Hypotension
• Hypersensitivity to atenolol or any of the excipients
• Severe peripheral circulatory disturbances.
4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use
Heart Failure: care must be exercised in patients with heart failure because of the negative inotropic effects of atenolol. Such patients should be well controlled on digitalis before therapy commences. Close monitoring for progressive failure is essential. Similarly, care must be taken with patients with poor cardiac reserve.
Ischaemic Heart disease: especially in patients with ischaemic heart disease, treatment should not be discontinued suddenly. The dosage should be gradually reduced, i.e. over 1-2 weeks, if necessary at the same time initiating replacement therapy, to prevent exacerbation of angina pectoris.
Untreated Congestive Heart disease: beta-blockers should not be used in such patients. The condition should be stabilised first.
First Degree Heart Block: due to its negative effect on conduction time, beta-blockers should only be given with caution to such patients.
Bradycardia: beta-blockers may induce bradycardia. If the pulse rate decreases to less than 50-55 beats per minute at rest and the patient experiences symptoms related to the bradycardia, the dosage should be reduced.
Prinzmetal’s angina: beta-blockers may increase the number and duration of anginal attacks in patients with Prinzmetal’s angina due to unopposed alpha-receptor mediated coronary artery vasoconstriction. Non-selective beta-blockers should not be used for these patients, and beta-1 selective blockers only with the utmost care.
Peripheral Circulatory Disease: In patients with peripheral circulatory disorders (Raynaud’s disease or syndrome, intermittent claudication), beta-blockers should be used with great caution as aggravation of these disorders may occur.
Respiratory Disorders: atenolol is cardioselective but not totally cardiospecific. Therefore, if it is necessary to use atenolol in patients with a history of asthma, bronchospasm or reversible obstructive airways disease, it should be introduced carefully. If an increase in airways resistance occurs, this can usually be reversed by bronchodilators such as salbutamol or terbutaline.
Patient information leaflets and labels will carry the following warnings: Patient Information Leaflet: Do not take this medicine if you have a history of wheezing or asthma. Consult your doctor or pharmacist first.
Labels: Do not take this medicine if you have a history of wheezing or asthma.
Liver or Kidney Insufficiency: patients with liver or kidney insufficiency may need a lower dosage, depending on the pharmacokinetic profile of the compound.
Phaeochromocytoma: atenolol should not be administered to patients with
phaeochromocytoma without concurrent a-adrenoceptor blocking therapy.
Diabetics: the symptoms of hypoglycaemia may be masked by atenolol, in particular tachycardia. Diabetic patients should be warned that this ‘warning sign’ may not occur.
Insulin sensitivity may be reduced in patients treated with atenolol.
Thyrotoxicosis: atenolol as with other beta-blockers may mask the signs of thyrotoxicosis.
Allergies: beta-blockers may increase both the sensitivity towards allergens and the seriousness of anaphylactic reactions. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of adrenaline (epinephrine) used to treat allergic reactions).
Hypersensitivity: atenolol may cause a hypersensitivity reaction including angio-oedema and urticaria.
Psoriasis: patients with anamnestically known psoriasis should take beta-blockers only after careful consideration.
Elderly: these patients should be treated with caution, starting with a lower dosage but tolerance is usually good in the elderly.
Anaesthesia: in patients undergoing general anaesthesia beta-blockade reduces the incidence of arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia during induction and intubation, and the post-operative period. It is currently recommended that maintenance beta-blockade be continued peri-operatively. The anaesthesist must be aware of beta-blockade because of the potential for interactions with other drugs, resulting in bradyarrhythmias, attenuation of the reflex tachycardia and the decreased reflex ability to compensate for blood loss. If it is thought necessary to withdraw beta-blocker therapy before surgery, this should be done gradually and completed about 48 hours before anaesthesia.
4,5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
• Alcohol - concomitant use with alcohol may lead to an enhanced hypotensive effect.
• Alpha blockers - some patients experience acute postural hypotension, tachycardia and palpitations when they start to take certain alpha blockers (e.g. prazosin, alfuzosin, and terazosin), this can be exacerbated if they are already taking a beta-blocker. It is recommended that they should start with a low dose of these alpha blockers, and the first dose should be taken just before they go to bed. Patients should be warned about the possibility of postural hypotension and how to manage it (lay down, raise legs and get up slowly). When adding a beta-blocker to an alpha blocker it may be advisable to decrease the dose of the alpha blocker and re-titrate as necessary.
• Anaesthetics - caution must be exercised when using anaesthetic agents with atenolol (see section 4.4). The anaesthetist should be informed and the choice of anaesthetic should be an agent with as little negative inotropic activity as possible. Use of beta-blockers with anaesthetic drugs may result in attenuation of the reflex tachycardia and increase the risk of hypotension. Anaesthetic agents causing myocardial depression are best avoided.
• Anti-arrhythmics - caution should be exercised when prescribing a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with Class I antiarrhythmic agents such as disopyramide, quinidine and amiodarone.
• Antidiabetics - concomitant use with insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs may intensify the blood sugar lowering effect. Beta-adrenergic blockade may prevent the appearance of signs of hypoglycaemia (tachycardia). (See section 4.4).
• Calcium channel blockers - concomitant administration of dihydropyridine derivatives (e.g. nifedipine), may increase the risk of hypotension, and in patients with latent cardiac insufficiency, treatment with beta-blocking agents may lead to cardiac failure. Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs should be used with caution in combination with verapamil and to a lesser extent diltiazem in patients with impaired ventricular function, and not at all in patients with conduction abnormalities due to the negative influence on contractility and auriculo-ventricular conduction. May result in severe hypotension, bradycardia and cardiac failure.
• Cardiac glycosides - digitalis glycosides in association with beta-blockers may increase auriculo-ventricular conduction time.
• Clonidine - care should be taken when transferring patients from clonidine to beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents; and if they are given concurrently, clonidine should not be discontinued until several days after the withdrawal of the beta-adrenoceptor.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g. indometacin) may reduce the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers.
• Beta-sympathomimetic agents (e.g. isoprenaline, dobutamine) -combination with atenolol may reduce effects of both agents.
• Sympathomimetics that activate both beta- and alpha-adrenoceptors (e.g. noradrenaline (norepinephrine), adrenaline (epinephrine) - combination with atenolol may unmask the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictor effects of these agents leading to blood pressure increase and exacerbated intermittent claudication. Such interactions are considered to be more likely with non selective beta-blockers.
• Concomitant use with antihypertensive agents as well as other drugs with blood pressure lowering potential (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates, phenothiazines) may increase the risk of hypotension.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
Atenolol has been used under close supervision for the treatment of pregnancy-associated hypertension in the third trimester. Administration of atenolol to pregnant women in the management of mild to moderate hypertension has been associated with intra-uterine growth retardation. No studies have been performed on the use of atenolol in the first trimester and the possibility of foetal injury cannot be excluded. Atenolol crosses the placental barrier and appears in cord blood.
Beta-blockers reduce placental perfusion, which may result in intrauterine foetal death, immature and premature deliveries. In addition, adverse effects (especially hypoglycaemia and bradycardia) may occur in foetus and neonate. There is an increased risk of cardiac and pulmonary complications in the neonate in the postnatal period.
There is significant accumulation of atenolol in breast milk. Breast feeding is therefore not recommended during administration of these compounds.
The possibility of foetal injury cannot be excluded and the use of atenolol in women who are, or may become pregnant, or who are breast feeding, requires that anticipated benefits be weighed against possible risks.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
There are no studies on the effect of this medicine on the ability to drive. When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or fatigue may occur.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The following undesirable effects have been observed during treatment with atenolol and other beta blockers with the following frequencies: Common (>1/100), uncommon (>1/1,000, <1/100), rare (>1/10000, < 1/1000) very rare (<1/10000), including isolated reports.
• Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Rare: Thrombocytopenia.
• Endocrine Disorders
Beta-blockers may mask the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.
• Metabolic and Nutrition Disorders
Beta-blockers may mask the symptoms of hypoglycaemia.
• Psychiatric Disorders Uncommon: Sleep disturbances.
Rare: Hallucinations, psychoses, confusion, mood changes and nightmares have been reported. Rarely cases of insomnia have been reported. Unknown: Depression
• Nervous System Disorders
Rare: Dizziness, headaches, paraesthesia.
• Eye Disorders
Rare: Dry eyes, impaired vision.
• Cardiac Disorders Common: Bradycardia,
Rare: A slowed AV-conduction or increase of an existing AV-block, postural hypotension which may be associated with syncope, heart failure deterioration
Unknown: cardiac arrest and circulatory collapse.
• Vascular Disorders Common: Cold extremities.
Rare: increase of an existing intermittent claudication, Raynauds phenomenon
Unknown: Cyanotic extremities.
• Respiratory Disorders
Rare: Bronchospasm in patients with bronchial asthma or a history of asthmatic complaints.
• Gastrointestinal Disorders
Common: Nausea, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal disturbances.
Rare: Dry mouth.
Unknown: Vomiting.
• Hepatobiliary Disorders
Uncommon: Elevations of transaminase levels
Rare: cases of hepatic toxicity, including intrahepatic cholestasis have been reported.
• Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Rare: 5'kin rash, purpura, exacerbation of psoriasis, alopecia, psoriasiform skin reactions.
Unknown: Hypersensitivity reactions, including angio-oedema, urticaria.
• Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders:
Common: Muscle fatigue.
• Reproductive system and breast disorders:
Rare: Impotence
• General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions:
Common: Fatigue.
Investigations:
Very rare: an increase in Anti Nuclear Antibodies has been reported.
Discontinuance of the drug should be considered if, according to clinical judgement, the well-being of the patient is adversely affected by any of the above reactions. In all cases cessation of therapy should be gradual.
4.9 Overdose
The most important effects are on the heart. Bradycardia, hypotension, pulmonary oedema, syncope and cardiogenic shock may develop. First or second degree AV block may occur and rarely arrhythmias.
After ingestion of an overdose or in the case of hypersensitivity, the patient should be kept under close supervision and treated in an intensive care ward. Activated charcoal and a laxative should be used to prevent absorption of any drug still present in the gastrointestinal tract, plasma or plasma substitutes can be used to treat hypotension or shock. The use of haemodialysis or haemoperfusion may be considered.
Excessive bradycardia can be treated with atropine 1-2mg intravenously and or a cardiac pacemaker. If necessary, this may be followed by a bolus dose of glucagon 10mg intravenously and if required, this may be repeated or followed by an intravenous infusion of glucagon 1-10mg/hour depending on response.
If no response to glucagon occurs or if glucagon is unavailable, a beta-adrenoceptor stimulant such as dobutamine 2.5 to 10 micrograms/kg/minute by intravenous infusion may be given. Dobutamine, because of its positive inotropic effect could also be used to treat hypotension and acute cardiac insufficiency. It is likely that these doses would be inadequate to reverse the cardiac effects of beta-blocker blockade if a large overdose has been taken.
The dose of dobutamine should therefore be increased if necessary to achieve the required response according to the clinical condition of the patient. Bronchospasm can usually be reversed by bronchodilators.
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
ATC CODE CO7A B03
Atenolol is a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent which is cardioselective, its principal action being on beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart. It is without intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane stabilising activities and as with other beta-blockers, has negative inotropic effects (and is therefore contraindicated in uncontrolled heart failure). Its mode of action in the treatment of hypertension is unclear.
It is probably the action of atenolol in reducing cardiac rate and contractility which makes it effective in eliminating or reducing the symptoms of patients with angina.
It is unlikely that any additional ancillary properties possessed by S (-) atenolol, in comparison with the racemic mixture, will give rise to different therapeutic effects.
Atenolol is effective and well-tolerated in most ethnic populations. However the response may be less in black patients.
Atenolol is effective for at least 24 hours after a single oral dose. The drug facilitates compliance by its acceptability to patients and simplicity of dosing.
The narrow dose range and early patient response ensure that the effect of the drug in individual patients is quickly demonstrated. Atenolol is compatible with diuretics, other hypotensive agents and antianginals (but see section 4.5). Since it acts preferentially on beta-receptors in the heart, atenolol may, with care, be used successfully in the treatment of patients with respiratory disease, who cannot tolerate non-selective beta-blockers.
Human studies have shown that a negligible amount of atenolol crosses the blood brain barrier.
Early intervention in acute myocardial infarction reduces infarct size and may decrease morbidity and morality. Fewer patients with a threatened infarction progress to frank infarction; the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias is decreased and marked pain relief may result in reduced need of opiate analgesics. Early mortality is decreased. Atenolol is an additional treatment to standard coronary care.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption: following oral dosing of atenolol absorption is consistent but incomplete (approximately 40 - 50 %) with peak plasma concentrations occurring 2 - 4 hours after dosing.
Distribution: only small amounts are reported to cross the blood-brain barrier and plasma-protein binding is minimal (approximately 3%). The plasma halflife is about 6-7 hours but this may rise in severe renal impairment since the kidney is the major route of elimination.
(Women - it crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk where concentrations higher than those in maternal plasma have been achieved). Metabolism: atenolol undergoes little or no hepatic metabolism and more than 90% of that absorbed reaches systemic circulation unaltered.
Elimination: mainly in the urine.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Not applicable.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Also contains:
Tablet core:
Silica colloidal anhydrous
Magnesium stearate
Maize starch
Crospovidone
Sodium laurylsulphate
Hydrogenated vegetable oil
Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (E341)
Cellulose microcrystalline (E460)
Tablet coat:
Propylene glycol Titanium dioxide (E171)
Hypromellose 5cP (E464)
Purified talc (E553)
6.2 Incompatibilities
None known.
6.3 Shelf life
Shelf-life
Three years from the date of manufacture.
Shelf-life after dilution/reconstitution Not applicable.
Shelf-life after first opening Not applicable.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Blister packs Do not store above 25°C Store in the original package Keep container in the outer carton
Polypropylene containers, polyethylene containers and amber glass bottles Do not store above 25°C Store in the original container Keep the container tightly closed
6.5 Nature and contents of container
The product containers are rigid injection moulded polypropylene or injection blow-moulded polyethylene containers and snap-on polyethylene lids; in case any supply difficulties should arise the alternative is amber glass containers with screw caps.
The product may also be supplied in blister packs in cartons:
a) Carton: Printed carton manufactured from white folding box board.
b) Blister pack: (i) 250 pm white rigid PVC. (ii) Surface printed 20 pm hard temper aluminium foil with 5-6g/M2 PVC and PVdC compatible heat seal lacquer on the reverse side.
Pack sizes: 28s, 30s, 50s, 100s, 250s, 500s.
Product may also be supplied in bulk packs for reassembly purposes only, in polybags contained in tins, skillets or polybuckets filled with suitable cushioning material. Bulk packs are included for temporary storage of the finished product before final packaging into the proposed marketing containers.
Maximum size of bulk packs: 50,000.
6.6 Instructions for use/handling
Not applicable.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Actavis UK Limited (Trading style: Actavis) Whiddon Valley BARNSTAPLE N Devon EX32 8NS
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
PL 00142/0259
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
28.4.89
Renewed: 16.3.95
10
DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
06/09/2010