Cefalexin 500mg Capsules
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Cefalexin 500 mg Capsules
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each capsule contains Cefalexin monohydrate equivalent to 500 mg Cefalexin. Excipients: Sunset yellow (E110), Quinoline yellow (E104) and Patent Blue V (E131).
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Capsule.
Cefalexin 500 mg Capsules are size ‘0’ capsules with dark green cap and light green body imprinted with ‘500’ in black ink on cap, containing white to yellowish-white granular powder.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Cefalexin is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration.
Cefalexin is indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible micro-organisms (see also section 4.4 and 5.1):
• Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
• Mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia
• Uncomplicated upper and lower urinary tract infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Cefalexin is administered orally.
Adults: The adult dosage ranges from 1-4g daily in divided doses; most infections will respond to a dosage of 500mg every 8 hours. For skin and soft tissue infections, streptococcal pharyngitis, and mild, uncomplicated urinary tract infections, the usual dosage is 250mg every 6 hours or 500 mg every 12 hours.
For more severe infections or those caused by less susceptible organisms, larger doses may be needed. If daily doses of cefalexin greater than 4g are required, parenteral cephalosporins, in appropriate doses, should be considered.
Patients with impaired renal function: Reduce dosage if renal function is markedly impaired (see section 4.4).
Elderly _ patients:
The recommended dose for adults should be used in elderly patients except those with impaired renal function.
Children:
The recommended daily dosage for children is 25-50mg/kg body weight divided in 3 doses. In severe infections the dosage may be doubled.
In the treatment of beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections, a therapeutic dose should be administered for at least 10 days.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the cephalosporin group of antibiotics or to any of the excipients.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Before instituting therapy with cefalexin, every effort should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous hypersensitivity reactions to the cephalosporins, penicillins, or other medicinal products. Cefalexin should be given cautiously to penicillin-sensitive patients. There is some clinical and laboratory evidence of partial cross-allergenicity of the penicillins and cephalosporins. Patients have had severe reactions (including anaphylaxis) to both medicinal products.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with virtually all broad-spectrum antibiotics, including macrolides, semi-synthetic penicillins, and cephalosporins. It is important, therefore, to consider its diagnosis in patients who develop diarrhoea in association with the use of antibiotics. Such colitis may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Mild cases of pseudomembranous colitis usually respond to drug discontinuance alone. In moderate to severe cases, appropriate measures should be taken.
If an allergic reaction to cefalexin occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient treated with the appropriate agents.
Prolonged use of cefalexin may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. Careful observation of the patient is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Cefalexin should not be used in infections in which Haemophilus influenzae is, or is likely to be, implicated.
Cefalexin should be administered with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function. Careful clinical and laboratory studies should be made because safe dosage may be lower than that usually recommended. If dialysis is required for renal failure, the daily dose of cefalexin should not exceed 500mg.
Positive direct Coombs' tests have been reported during treatment with the cephalosporin antibiotics. In haematological studies, or in transfusion crossmatching procedures when antiglobulin tests are performed on the minor side, or in Coombs' testing of newborns whose mothers have received cephalosporin antibiotics before parturition, it should be recognised that a positive Coombs' test may be due to the drug.
A false positive reaction for glucose in the urine may occur with Benedict's or Fehling's solutions, or with copper sulphate test tablets.
Cefalexin capsules contain colouring agents, sunset yellow (E110), quinoline yellow (E104) and patent blue V (E131) which may cause allergic reactions.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
As with other beta-lactam drugs, renal excretion of cefalexin is inhibited by probenecid.
Concurrent administration with certain other drug substances, such as aminoglycosides, other cephalosporins, or furosemide, and similar potent diuretics, may increase the risk of nephrotoxicity.
In a single study of 12 healthy subjects given single 500mg doses of cefalexin and metformin, plasma metformin Cmax and AUC increased by an average of 34% and 24%, respectively, and metformin renal clearance decreased by an average of 14%. No side-effects were reported in the 12 healthy subjects in this study. No information is available about the interaction of cefalexin and metformin following multiple dose administration. The clinical significance of this study is unclear, particularly as no cases of “lactic acidosis” have been reported in association with concomitant metformin and cefalexin treatment.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy: There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Although animal studies have shown no evidence of teratogenicity, caution should be exercised when prescribing cefalexin during pregnancy (see section 5.3)
Lactation: Cefalexin is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when cefalexin is administered to a nursing woman.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
There are no known effects of cephalexin on a patient’s ability to drive or use machinery. However, when driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or confusion may occur.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Adverse events that have been reported in cefalexin trials are categorised below, according to system organ class and frequency.
Frequencies are defined as :
Very common (A 1/10); common ( ^ 1/100,<1/10); uncommon (A 1/1,000, <1/100); rare (* 1/10,000, <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000),
not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
Undesirable effects for cefalexin occur at a frequency of 3-6%. Investigations:
Uncommon: Increase in ASAT and ALAT (reversible)
Frequency not known: Positive direct Coombs test. False positive reaction to glucose in the urine
Blood and lymphatic system disorders:
Uncommon: Eosinophilia
Rare: neutropenia, thrombocytopenia,haemolytic anaemia
Nervous system disorders:
Rare: Dizziness, headache
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Common: Diarrhoea, nausea
Rare: Abdominal pain, vomiting, dyspepsia, pseudomembranous colitis.
Renal and urinary disorders:
Rare: Reversible interstitial nephritis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Uncommon: Rash, urticaria, pruritus
Rare: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell’s syndrome), anaphylaxis
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:
Frequency not known: Arthralgia, arthritis
Infections and infestations
Rare: Genital and anal pruritus, vaginitis Frequency not known: Vaginal candidiasis
General disorders and administration site conditions
Rare: Tiredness Frequency not known: Fever
Immune System disorders
Rare: Anaphylactic reaction
Hepatobiliary Disorders Rare: Hepatitis, cholestatic icterus
Psychiatric Disorders
Frequency not known: Hallucinations, agitation, confusion
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms of oral overdose may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhoea, and haematuria.
In the event of severe overdosage, general supportive care is recommended, including close clinical and laboratory monitoring of haematological, renal, and hepatic functions, and coagulation status until the patient is stable. Forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis, or charcoal haemoperfusion have not been established as beneficial for an overdose of cefalexin. It would be extremely unlikely that one of these procedures would be indicated.
Unless 5 to 10 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination should not be necessary.
There have been reports of haematuria, without impairment of renal function, in children accidentally ingesting more than 3.5g of cefalexin in a day. Treatment has been supportive (fluids) and no sequelae have been reported.
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: First generation cephalosporin ATC code: J01DB01
Mode of Action
Cefalexin is an antibacterial agent of the cephalosporin class. Like other cephalosporins cefalexin exerts antibacterial activity by binding to and inhibiting the action of penicillin-binding proteins involved in the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. This leads to bacterial cell lysis and cell death.
Mechanisms of resistance
Bacterial resistance to cefalexin may be due to one or more of the following mechanisms:
• Hydrolysis by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and/or by chromosomally-encoded (AmpC) enzymes that may be induced or de-repressed in certain aerobic gram-negative bacterial species.
• Reduced affinity of pencillin-binding proteins.
• Reduced permeability of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative organisms restricting access to penicillin-binding proteins
• Drug efflux pumps
More than one of these mechanisms of resistance may co-exist in a single bacterial cell. Depending on the mechanism(s) present, bacteria may express cross-resistance to several or all other beta-lactams and/ or antibacterial medicinal products of other classes.
Breakpoints
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints established by the British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for beta-haemolytic Streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae are: susceptible < 2mg /l, resistant >2.5mg/l.
Susceptibility
The prevalence of resistance may vary geographically and over time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
Commonly susceptible species
Aerobes, Gram positive:
Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible)
Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes
Aerobes, Gram negative:
Escherichia coli Moraxella catarrhalis
Anaerobes:
Peptostreptococcus species
Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem
Gram-negative aerobes:
Citrobacter species Enterobacter species Morganella morganii.
Inherently resistant species
Gram-negative aerobes:
Haemophilus influenzae
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Cefalexin is acid stable and may be given without regard to meals. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Following doses of 250mg, 500mg, and 1g, average peak serum levels of approximately 9, 18, and 32mg/l, respectively, were obtained at 1 hour. Measurable levels were present 6 hours after administration. Cefalexin is excreted in the urine by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Studies showed that over 90% of the medicinal product was excreted unchanged in the urine within 8 hours. During this period, peak urine concentrations following the 250mg, 500mg, and 1g doses were approximately 1,000, 2,200, and 5,000mg/l, respectively.
Cefalexin is almost completely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, and 75-100% is rapidly excreted in active form in the urine. Absorption is slightly reduced if the drug is administered with food. The half-life is approximately 60 minutes in patients with normal renal function. Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis will remove cefalexin from the blood.
Peak blood levels are achieved one hour after administration, and therapeutic levels are maintained for 6-8 hours. Approximately 80% of the active drug is excreted in the urine within 6 hours. No accumulation is seen with dosages above the therapeutic maximum of 4g/day.
The half-life may be increased in neonates due to their renal immaturity, but there is no accumulation when given at up to 50mg/kg/day.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
The daily oral administration of cefalexin to rats in doses of 250 or 500mg/kg prior to and during pregnancy, or to rats and mice during the period of organogenesis only, had no adverse effect on fertility, foetal viability, foetal weight, or litter size.
Cefalexin showed no enhanced toxicity in weanling and newborn rats as compared with adult animals.
The oral LD50 of cefalexin in rats is 5,000mg/kg.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients Core:
Microcrystalline cellulose Magnesium stearate Water
Capsule shell:
Gelatin
Sodium lauryl sulphate Sunset yellow FCF (E110)
Quinoline yellow (E104)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Patent Blue V (E131) and
Printing ink
Black Ink (SW - 9008) components: Shellac
Propylene Glycol Potassium Hydroxide Black Iron Oxide (E172)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3 Shelf life
36 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 30°C. Store in the original package.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Cefalexin 500 mg Capsules are packed in:
PVC/PVdC/Aluminium blisters of 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 28, 30, 40, and 100 capsules.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
No special requirements
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Lupin (Europe) Limited,
Victoria Court,
Bexton Road,
Knutsford,
Cheshire WA16 OPF United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 35507/0105
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
15/07/2011
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
17/04/2014