Clarithromycin 500 Mg Powder For Solution For Infusion
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Clarithromycin 500mg powder for solution for infusion
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each vial contains 500mg clarithromycin.
When reconstituted, the solution strength is 2mg/ml (see section 6.6).
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Powder for solution for infusion.
White or almost white powder
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Clarithromycin 500 mg Powder for Solution for Infusion is indicated whenever parenteral therapy is required for treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms in the following conditions:
- Lower respiratory tract infections for example, acute and chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia.
- Upper respiratory tract infections for example, sinusitis and pharyngitis.
- Skin and soft tissue infections.
Clarithromycin 500 mg Powder for Solution for Infusion is indicated in adults.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
For intravenous administration only.
Intravenous therapy may be given for 2 to 5 days and should be changed to oral clarithromycin therapy when appropriate.
Adults:
The recommended dosage is 1.0 gram daily, divided into two 500mg doses, appropriately diluted as described below (see section 6.6).
Paediatric population
Clinical trials have been conducted using clarithromycin paediatric suspension in children 6 months to 12 years of age. Therefore, children under 12 years of age should use clarithromycin paediatric suspension (granules for oral suspension). There are insufficient data to recommend a dosage regimen for use of the clarithromycin IV formulation in patients less than 18 years of age.
Older people : As for adults.
Patients with renal impairment: In patients with renal impairment with creatinine clearance less than 30ml/min, the dosage of clarithromycin should be reduced by one half, i.e. 250 mg once daily, or 250 mg twice daily in more severe infections. Treatment should not be continued beyond 14 days in these patients.
Method of administration:
Clarithromycin 500mg Powder for Solution for Infusion should be administered into one of the larger proximal veins as an IV infusion over 60 minutes, using a solution concentration of about 2mg/ml. Clarithromycin should not be given as a bolus or an intramuscular injection.
For instructions on reconstitution and dilution, see section 6.6. The reconstituted product is a clear solution.
4.3 Contraindications
Clarithromycin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to macrolide antibiotic drugs or any of the excipients.
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and any of the following drugs is contraindicated: astemizole, cisapride, pimozide and terfenadine as this may result in QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes (see section 4.5).
Concomitant administration with ticagrelor or ranolazine is contraindicated.
Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and ergotamine or dihydroergotamine is contraindicated, as this may result in ergot toxicity.
Clarithromycin should not be given to patients with a history of QT prolongation or ventricular cardiac arrhythmia, including torsades de pointes (see sections 4.4. and 4.5).
Clarithromycin should not be used with HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors (statins) that are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 (lovastatin or simvastatin), due to the increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis (see section 4.5).
Clarithromycin should not be given to patients with hypokalaemia (risk of prolongation of QT-time).
Clarithromycin should not be used in patients who suffer from severe hepatic failure in combination with renal impairment.
As with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, Clarithromycin should not be used in patients taking colchicine.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
The physician should not prescribe clarithromycin to pregnant women without carefully weighing the benefits against the risk, particularly during the first three months of pregnancy (see section 4.6).
Caution is advised in patients with severe renal insufficiency (see section 4.2).
Clarithromycin is principally excreted by the liver. Therefore caution should be exercised in administering the antibiotic to patients with impaired hepatic function. Caution should also be exercised when administering clarithromycin to patients with moderate to severe renal impairment.
Cases of fatal hepatic failure (see section 4.8) have been reported. Some patients may have had pre-existing hepatic disease or may have been taking other hepatotoxic medicinal products. Patients should be advised to stop treatment and contact their doctor if signs and symptoms of hepatic disease develop, such as anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, pruritus, or tender abdomen.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including macrolides, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon, which may lead to overgrowth of C. difficile. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhoea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after administration of antibacterial agents. Therefore, discontinuation of clarithromycin therapy should be considered regardless of the indication. Microbial testing should be performed and adequate treatment initiated. Drugs inhibiting peristalsis should be avoided.
Exacerbation of symptoms of myasthenia gravis has been reported in patients receiving clarithromycin therapy.
There have been post marketing reports of colchicines toxicity with concomitant use of clarithromycin and colchicines, especially in the elderly, some of which occurred in patients with renal insufficiency. Deaths have been reported in some such patients (see section 4.5). Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and colchicine is contraindicated (see section 4.3).
Caution is advised regarding concomitant administration of clarithromycin and triazolobenzodiazepines, such as triazolam, and midazolam (see section 4.5).
Caution is advised regarding concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other ototoxic drugs, especially with aminoglycosides. Monitoring of vestibular and auditory function should be carried out during and after treatment.
Due to the risk for QT prolongation, clarithromycin should be used with caution in patients with coronary artery disease, severe cardiac insufficiency, hypomagnesaemia, bradycardia (<50 bpm), or when co-administered with other medicinal products associated with QT prolongation (see section 4.5). Clarithromycin must not be used in patients with congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation or history of ventricular arrhythmia (see section 4.3).
Pneumonia: In view of the emerging resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia to macrolides, it is important that sensitivity testing be performed when prescribing clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia. In hospital-acquired pneumonia, clarithromycin should be used in combination with additional appropriate antibiotics.
Skin and soft tissue infections of mild to moderate severity: These infections are most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, both of which may be resistant to macrolides. Therefore, it is important that sensitivity testing be performed. In cases where beta-lactam antibiotics cannot be used (e.g. allergy), other antibiotics such as clindamycin, may be the drug of first choice. Currently macrolides are only considered to play a role in some skin and soft tissue infections, such as those caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum (erythrasma), acne vulgaris, and erysipelas and in situations where penicillin treatment cannot be used.
In the event of severe acute hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, clarithromycin therapy should be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment should be urgently initiated.
Clarithromycin should be used with caution when administered concurrently with medications that induce the cytochrome CYP3A4 enzyme (see section 4.5).
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins): Concomitant use of clarithromycin with lovastatin or simvastatin is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Caution should be exercised when prescribing clarithromycin with other statins. As with other macrolides, clarithromycin has been reported to increase concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (see section 4.5). Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in patients taking clarithromycin and statins. Patients should be monitored for symptoms and signs of myopathy. In situations where the concomitant use of clarithromycin with statins cannot be avoided, it is recommended to prescribe the lowest registered dose of the statin. Use of a statin that is not dependent on CYP3A metabolism (e.g. fluvastatin) can be considered (see 4.5).
Oral hypoglycaemic agents/Insulin: The concomitant use of clarithromycin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (such as sulphonylureas) and/or insulin can result in significant hypoglycaemia. With certain hypoglycaemic drugs such as nateglinide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and rosiglitazone, inhibition of CYP3A enzyme by clarithromycin may be involved and could cause hypoglycaemia when used concomitantly. Careful monitoring of glucose is recommended (see section 4.5).
Oral anticoagulants: There is a risk of serious haemorrhage and significant elevations of International Normalised ratio (INR) and prothrombin time when clarithromycin is co-administered with warfarin (see section 4.5). INR and prothrombin times should be frequently monitored while patients are receiving clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants concurrently.
Use of any antimicrobial therapy, such as clarithromycin, to treat H. Pylori infection may select for drug resistant organisms.
Long term use may, as with other antibiotics, result in colonization with increased numbers of non-susceptible bacteria and fungi. If superinfections occur, appropriate therapy should be instituted.
Attention should be paid to the possibility of cross resistance between clarithromycin and other macrolide drugs, as well as lincomycin and clindamycin.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The use of the following drugs is strictly contraindicated due to the potential for severe drug interaction effects:
Cisapride, pimozide, astemizole and terfenadine
Elevated cisapride levels have been reported in patients receiving clarithromycin and cisapride concomitantly. This may result in QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes. Similar effects have been observed in patients taking clarithromycin and pimozide concomitantly (see section 4.3).
Macrolides have been reported to alter the metabolism of terfenadine resulting in increased levels of terfenadine which is occasionally associated with cardiac arrhythmias such as QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes (see section 4.3). In one study of 14 healthy volunteers, the concomitant administration of clarithromycin and terfenadine resulted in a two to three-fold increase in the serum concentration level of the acid metabolite of terfenadine and in prolongation of the QT interval which did not lead to any clinically detectable effect. Similar effects have been observed with concomitant administration of astemizole and other macrolides.
Ergotamine/dihydroergotamine
Post marketing reports indicate that co-administration of clarithromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated with acute ergot toxicity characterised by vasospasm, and ischaemia of the extremities and other tissues including the central nervous system. Concomitant administration of clarithromycin and these medicinal products is contraindicated (see section 4.3).
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins)
Concomitant use of clarithromycin with lovastatin or simvastatin is contraindicated (see 4.3) as these statins are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and concomitant treatment with clarithromycin increases their plasma concentration, which increases the risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. Reports of rhabdomyolysis have been received for patients taking clarithromycin concomitantly with these statins. If treatment with clarithromycin cannot be avoided, therapy with lovastatin or simvastatin must be suspended during the course of treatment.
Caution should be exercised when prescribing clarithromycin with statins. In situations where the concomitant use of clarithromycin with statins cannot be avoided, it is recommended to prescribe the lowest registered dose of the statin. Use of a statin that is not dependent on CYP3A metabolism (e.g. fluvastatin) can be considered. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of myopathy.
Effects of other medicinal products on clarithromycin
Drugs that are inducers of CYP3A (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St John’s wort) may induce the metabolism of clarithromycin. This may result in sub-therapeutic levels of clarithromycin leading to reduced efficacy. Furthermore, it might be necessary to monitor the plasma levels of the CYP3A inducer which could be increased owing to the inhibition of CYP3A by clarithromycin (see also the relevant product information for the CYP3A4 inhibitor administered). Concomitant administration of rifabutin and clarithromycin resulted in an increase in rifabutin, and decrease in clarithromycin serum levels together with an increased risk of uveitis.
The following drugs are known or suspected to affect circulating concentrations of clarithromycin; clarithromycin dosage adjustment or consideration of alternative treatments may be required.
Efavirenz, nevirapine, rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine Strong inducers of the cytochrome P450 metabolism system such as efavirenz, nevirapine, rifampicin, rifabutin, and rifapentine may accelerate the metabolism of clarithromycin and thus lower the plasma levels of clarithromycin, while increasing those of 14-OH-clarithromycin, a metabolite that is also microbiologically active. Since the microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for different bacteria, the intended therapeutic effect could be impaired during concomitant administration of clarithromycin and enzyme inducers.
Etravirine
Clarithromycin exposure was decreased by etravirine; however, concentrations of the active metabolite, 14-OH-clarithromycin, were increased. Because 14-OH-clarithromycin has reduced activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), overall activity against this pathogen may be altered; therefore alternatives to clarithromycin should be considered for the treatment of MAC.
Fluconazole
Concomitant administration of fluconazole 200mg daily and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily to 21 healthy volunteers led to increases in the mean steady state minimum clarithromycin concentration (Cmin) and area under the curve (AUC) of
33% and 18% respectively. Steady state concentrations of the active metabolite 14-OH-clarithromycin were not significantly affected by concomitant administration of fluconazole. No clarithromycin dose adjustment was necessary.
Ritonavir
A pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the concomitant administration of ritonavir 200 mg every eight hours and clarithromycin 50 mg every 12 hours resulted in a marked inhibition of the metabolism of clarithromycin. The clarithromycin Cmax increased by 31%, Cmin increased by 182% and AUC increased by 77% with concomitant administration of ritonavir. An essentially complete inhibition of the formation of 14-OH-clarithromycin was noted. Because of the large therapeutic window for clarithromycin, no dosage reduction should be necessary, in patients with normal renal function. However for patients with renal impairment, the following dosage adjustments should be considered: For patients with CLCR 30 to 60 mL/min, the dosage of clarithromycin should be reduced by 50%. For patients with CLCR <30 mL/min the dose of clarithromycin should be decreased by 75%. Doses of clarithromycin greater than 1 gm/day should not be co-administered with ritonavir.
Similar dose adjustments should be considered in patients with reduced renal function when ritonavir is used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer with other HIV protease inhibitors including atazanavir and saquinavir (see section below, Bi-directional drug interactions).
Effect of clarithromycin on other medicinal products
CYP3A-based interactions
Co-administration of clarithromycin, known to inhibit CYP3A, and a drug primarily metabolised by CYP3A may be associated with elevations in drug concentrations that could increase or prolong both therapeutic and adverse effects of the concomitant drug. Clarithromycin should be used with caution in patients receiving treatment with other drugs known to be CYP3A enzyme substrates, especially if the CYP3A substrate has a narrow safety margin (e.g. carbamazepine) and/or the substrate is extensively metabolised by this enzyme.
Dosage adjustments may be considered, and when possible, serum concentrations of drugs primarily metabolised by CYP3A should be monitored closely in patients concurrently receiving clarithromycin.
The following drugs or drug classes are known or suspected to be metabolised by the same CYP3A isoenzyme: alprazolam, astemizole, carbamazepine, cilostazol, cisapride, cyclosporine, disopyramide, ergot alkaloids, lovastatin, methylprednisolone, midazolam, omeprazole, oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, see section 4.4), pimozide, quinidine, rifabutin, sildenafil, simvastatin, sirolimus, tacrolimus, terfenadine, triazolam and vinblastine. Drugs interacting by similar mechanisms through other isoenzymes within the cytochrome P450 system include phenytoin, theophylline and valproate.
Anti-arrhythmics
There have been post-marketing reports of torsades de pointes occurring with concurrent use of clarithromycin and quinidine or disopyramide. Electrocardiograms should be monitored for QT prolongation during co-administration of clarithromycin with these drugs. Serum levels of quinidine and disopyramide should be monitored during clarithromycin therapy.
There have been post marketing reports of hypoglycemia with the concomitant administration of clarithromycin and disopyramide. Therefore blood glucose levels should be monitored during concomitant administration of clarithromycin and disopyramide.
Oral hypoglycemic agents/Insulin
With certain hypoglycemic drugs such as nateglinide, and repaglinide, inhibition of CYP3A enzyme by clarithromycin may be involved and could cause hypolgycemia when used concomitantly. Careful monitoring of glucose is recommended.
Omeprazole
Clarithromycin (500 mg every 8 hours) was given in combination with omeprazole (40 mg daily) to healthy adult subjects. The steady state plasma concentrations of omeprazole were increased (Cmax, AUC0-24 and t1/2 increased by 30%, 89% and 34%, respectively), by the concomitant administration of clarithromycin. The mean 24-hour gastric pH value was 5.2 when omeprazole was administered alone and 5.7 when omeprazole was co-administered with clarithromycin.
Sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil
Each of these phosphodiesterase inhibitors is metabolised, at least in part, by CYP3A and CYP3A may be inhibited by concomitantly administered clarithromycin. Coadministration of clarithromycin with sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil would likely result in increased phosphodiesterase inhibitor exposure. Reduction of sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil dosages should be considered when these drugs are coadministered with clarithromycin.
Theophylline, carbamazepine
Results of clinical studies indicate there was a modest but statistically significant (p<0.05) increase of circulating theophylline or carbamazepine levels when either of these drugs were administered concomitantly with clarithromycin. Dose reduction may need to be considered.
Tolterodine
The primary route of metabolism for tolterodine is via the 2D6 isoform of cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6). However, in a subset of the population devoid of CYP2D6, the identified pathway of metabolism is via CYP3A. In this population subset, inhibition of CYP3A results in significantly higher serum concentrations of tolterodine. A reduction in tolterodine dosage may be necessary in the presence of CYP3A inhibitors, such as clarithromycin in the CYP2D6 poor metaboliser population.
Triazolobenzodiazepines (e.g. alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam)
When midazolam was co-administered with clarithromycin tablets (500 mg twice daily) midazolam AUC was increased 2.7-fold after intravenous administration of midazolam and 7-fold after oral administration. Concomitant administration of oral midazolam and clarithromycin should be avoided. If intravenous midazolam is coadministered with clarithromycin, the patient must be closely monitored to allow dose adjustment. The same precautions should also apply to other benzodiazepines that are metabolised by CYP3A, including triazolam and alprazolam. For benzodiazepines which are not dependent on CYP3A for their elimination (temazepam, nitrazepam, lorazepam), a clinically important interaction with clarithromycin is unlikely.
There have been post-marketing reports of drug interactions and central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. somnolence and confusion) with the concomitant use of clarithromycin and triazolam. Monitoring the patients for increased CNS pharmacological effects is suggested.
Other drug interactions
Aminoglycosides
Caution is advised regarding concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other ototoxic drugs, especially with aminoglycosides. See 4.4
Colchicine
Colchicine is a substrate for both CYP3A and the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Clarithromycin and other macrolides are known to inhibit CYP3A and Pgp. When clarithromycin and colchicine are administered together, inhibition of Pgp and/or CYP3A by clarithromycin may lead to increased exposure to colchicine. Patients should be monitored for clinical symptoms of colchicine toxicity (see section 4.4)
Digoxin
Digoxin is thought to be a substrate for both CYP3A and the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Clarithromycin is known to inhibit Pgp. When clarithromycin and digoxin are administered together, inhibition of Pgp by clarithromycin may lead to increased exposure to digoxin. Elevated digoxin serum concentrations in patients receiving clarithromycin and digoxin concomitantly have also been reported in post marketing surveillance. Some patients have shown clinical signs consistent with digoxin toxicity, including potentially fatal arrhythmias. Serum digoxin concentrations should be carefully monitored while patients are receiving digoxin and clarithromycin simultaneously.
Zidovudine
Simultaneous oral administration of clarithromycin tablets and zidovudine to HIV-infected adult patients may result in decreased steady-state zidovudine concentrations. Because clarithromycin appears to interfere with the absorption of simultaneously administered oral zidovudine, this interaction can be largely avoided by staggering the doses of clarithromycin and zidovudine to allow for a 4-hour interval between each medication. This interaction does not appear to occur in paediatric HIV-infected patients taking clarithromycin suspension with zidovudine or dideoxyinosine. This interaction is unlikely when clarithromycin is administered via intravenous infusion.
Phenytoin and Valproate
There have been spontaneous or published reports of interactions of CYP3Ainhibitors, including clarithromycin with drugs not thought to be metabolized by CYP3A (e.g. phenytoin and valproate). Serum level determinations are recommended for these drugs when administered concomitantly with clarithromycin. Increased serum levels have been reported.
Bi-directional drug interactions
Atazanavir
Both clarithromycin and atazanavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, and there is evidence of a bi-directional drug interaction. Co-administration of clarithromycin (500mg twice daily) with atazanavir (400mg once daily) resulted in a 2-fold increase in exposure to clarithromycin and a 70% decrease in exposure to 14-OH-clarithromycin, with a 28% increase in the AUC of atazanavir. Because of the very large therapeutic window for clarithromycin no dosage reduction should be necessary in patients with normal renal function. For patients with moderate renal function (CLCR 30 to 60 mL/min), the dosage of clarithromycin should be decreased by 50%. For patients with CLCR <30 mL/min the dose of clarithromycin should be decreased by 75% using an appropriate clarithromycin formulation. Doses of clarithromycin greater than 1000mg per day should not be co-administered with protease inhibitors.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Caution is advised regarding the concomitant administration of clarithromycin and calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., verapamil, amlodipine, diltiazem) due to the risk of hypotension. Plasma concentrations of clarithromycin as well as calcium channel blockers may increase due to the interaction. Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients taking clarithromycin and verapamil concomitantly.
Itraconazole
Both clarithromycin and itraconazole are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A, leading to a bidirectional drug interaction. Clarithromycin may increase plasma levels of itraconazole, while itraconazole may increase the plasma levels of clarithromycin. Patients taking itraconazole and clarithromycin concomitantly should be monitored closely for signs of increased or prolonged pharmacologic effect.
Saquinavir
Both clarithromycin and saquinavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A and there is evidence of a bi-directional drug interaction. Concomitant administration of clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules, 1200mg three times daily) to 12 healthy volunteers resulted in steady state AUC and Cmax values of saquinavir which were 177% and 187% higher than those seen with saquinavir alone. Clarithromycin AUC and Cmax values were approximately 40% higher than those seen with clarithromycin alone. No dose adjustment is required when the two drugs are co-administered for a limited time at the dose/formulations studied. Observations from drug interaction studies using the soft gelatin capsule formulation may not be representative of the effects seen using the saquinavir hard gelatin capsule. Observations from drug interaction studies performed with saquinavir alone may not be representative of the effects seen with saquinavir/ritonavir therapy. When saquinavir is co-administered with ritonavir, consideration should be given to the potential effects of ritonavir on clarithromycin.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
The safety of clarithromycin for use during pregnancy has not been established.
Based on variable results obtained from studies in mice, rats, rabbits and monkeys, the possibility of adverse effects on embryo-foetal development cannot be excluded. Therefore, use during pregnancy is not advised without carefully weighing the benefits against risk.
Breastfeeding
The safety of clarithromycin for use during breast feeding of infants has not been established. Clarithromycin is excreted into human breast milk.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
There are no data on the effect of clarithromycin on the ability to drive or use machines. The potential for dizziness, vertigo, confusion, and disorientation, which may occur with the medication should be taken into account before patients drive or use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
(a) Summary of the safety profile
The most frequent and common adverse reactions related to clarithromycin therapy for both adult and paediatric populations are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and taste perversion. These adverse reactions are usually mild in intensity and are consistent with the known safety profile of macrolide antibiotics. [See section
(b) of section 4.8.]
There was no significant difference in the incidence of these gastrointestinal adverse reactions during clinical trials between the patient population with or without preexisting mycobacterial infections.
(b) Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
The following table displays adverse reactions reported in clinical trials and from post-marketing experience with clarithromycin immediate-release tablets, granules for oral suspension, powder for solution for injection, extended release tablets and modified-release tablets.
The reactions considered at least possibly related to clarithromycin are displayed by system organ class and frequency using the following convention: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (> 1/1000 to <1/100), and not known (adverse reactions from post-marketing experience; cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness when the seriousness could be assessed.
|
System organ class |
Very common (> 1/10) |
Common (> 1/100 to <1/10) |
Uncommon (> 1/1000 to <1/100) |
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) |
|
Infections and infestations |
Cellulitis1 candidiasis, • • 2 gastroenteritis , infection3, vaginal |
Pseudomembranous colitis. Erysipelas, erythrasma |
|
System organ class |
Very common (> 1/10) |
Common (> 1/100 to <1/10) |
Uncommon (> 1/1000 to <1/100) |
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) |
|
infection | ||||
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Leukopenia, Neutropenia4, thrombocythaemia3, eosinophilia4. |
Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia | ||
|
Immune system disorders5 |
Anaphylactoid reaction1, hypersensitivity |
Anaphylactic reaction, angioedema | ||
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Anorexia , decreased appetite |
Hypoglycaemia 6 | ||
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Insomnia |
Anxiety, 3 nervousness , 3 screaming |
Psychotic disorder, confusional state, depersonalisation, depression, disorientation, hallucination, abnormal dreams | |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Dysgeusia, headache, taste perversion |
Loss of consciousness1, dyskinesia1, dizziness, somnolence6, tremor, |
Convulsion, ageusia, parosmia, anosmia, paraesthesia | |
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
Vertigo, hearing impaired, tinnitus |
Deafness | ||
|
Eye disorders |
Uveitis | |||
|
Cardiac disorders |
Cardiac arrest1, atrial fibrillation1, electrocardiogram QT prolonged7, extrasystoles1, palpitations |
Torsades de pointes7, ventricular tachycardia7 | ||
|
Vascular disorders |
Vasodilation1 |
Haemorrhage8 | ||
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorder |
Asthma1, epistaxis2, pulmonary embolism1 | |||
|
Gastrointestinal disorder |
Diarrhoea9, vomiting, dyspepsia, nausea, abdominal pain |
Esophagitis1, gastroesophageal reflux disease2, gastritis, proctalgia2, stomatitis, glossitis, abdominal distension4, constipation, dry mouth, eructation, flatulence |
Pancreatitis acute, tongue discolouration, tooth discolouration | |
|
Hepatobiliary disorder |
Liver function test abnormal |
Cholestasis4, hepatitis4, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, gammaglutamyl transferase increased4 |
Hepatic failure10, jaundice hepatocellular | |
|
Skin and |
Rash, hyperhidrosis |
Dermatitis bullous1, |
Stevens-Johnson |
|
System organ class |
Very common (> 1/10) |
Common (> 1/100 to <1/10) |
Uncommon (> 1/1000 to <1/100) |
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) |
|
subcutaneous disorder |
pruritus, urticaria, rash maculopap-ular3 |
syndrome5, toxic epidermal necrolysis5, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acne | ||
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Muscle spasms3, musculoskeletal stiffness1, myalgia2 |
Rhabdomyolysis2,11, myopathy | ||
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Blood creatinine increased1, blood urea increased1 |
Renal failure, nephritis interstitial | ||
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Injection site phlebitis1 |
Injection site pain1, injection site inflammation1 |
Malaise4, pyrexia3, asthenia, chest pain4, chills4, fatigue4 | |
|
Investigations |
Albumen globulin ratio abnormal1, blood alkaline phosphatise increased4, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased4 |
International normalised ratio prolonged8, prothrombin time prolonged8, urine colour abnormal |
1. ADRs reported only for the Powder for Solution for Infusion
2. ADRs reported only for the Extended Release Tablets formulation
3. ADRS reported only for the Granules for Oral Suspension formulation
4. ADRS reported only for the Immediate-release Tablets formulation
5. 7, 9, 10 See section (a)
6. 8, 11 See section (c)
(c) Description of selected adverse reactions
Injection site phlebitis, injection site pain, vessel puncture site pain, and injection site inflammation are specific to the clarithromycin intravenous formulation.
In very rare instances, hepatic failure with fatal outcome has been reported and generally has been associated with serious underlying diseases and/or concomitant medications (see section 4.4).
A special attention to diarrhoea should be paid as Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis (see section 4.4).
In the event of severe acute hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, Stevens -Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis clarithromycin therapy should be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment should be urgently initiated (see section 4.4).
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including clarithromycin, and may range in severity from mild to life threatening. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhoea subsequent to the the administration of antibacterial agents (see section 4.4).
In some of the reports of rhabdomyolysis, clarithromycin was administered concomitantly with statins, fibrates, colchicines or allopurinol (see section 4.3 and 4.4).
There have been post-marketing reports of colchicines toxicity with concomitant use of clarithromycin and colchicines, especially in elderly and/or patients with renal insufficiency, some with fatal outcome (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).
There have been post-marketing reports of drug interactions and central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. somnolence and confusion) with the concomitant use of clarithromycin and triazolam. Monitoring the patient for increased CNS pharmacological effects is suggested (see section 4.5).
There is a risk of serious haemorrhage and significant elevations in INR and prothrombin time when clarithromycin is co-administered with warfarin. INR and prothrombin times should be frequently monitored while patients are receiving clarithromycin and oral anticoagulants concurrently (see section 4.4 and 4.5).
Special populations: Adverse Reactions in Immuno-compromised Patients (see section e).
(d) Paediatric populations
Clinical trials have been conducted using clarithromycin paediatric suspension in children 6 months to 12 years of age. Therefore children under 12 years of age should use clarithromycin paediatric suspension. There are insufficient data to recommend a dosage regimen for use of the clarithromycin IV formulation in patients less than 18 years of age.
Frequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in children are expected to be the same as in adults
(e) Other Special Populations
Immuno-compromised patients
In AIDS and other immunocompromised patients treated with the higher doses of clarithromycin over long periods of time for mycobacterial infections, it was often difficult to distinguish adverse events possibly associated with clarithromycin administration from underlying signs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease or intercurrent illness.
In adult patients, the most frequently reported adverse reactions by patients treated with total daily doses of 1000 mg and 2000 mg of clarithromycin were: nausea, vomiting, taste perversion, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, rash, flatulence, headache, constipation, hearing disturbance, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) elevations. Additional low frequency events included dyspnoea, insomnia and dry mouth. The incidences were comparable for patients treated with 1000 mg and 2000 mg but were generally about 3 to 4 times as frequent for those patients who received total daily doses of 4000 mg of clarithromycin.
In these immunocompromised patients, evaluations of laboratory values were made by analysing those values outside the seriously abnormal level (i.e. the extreme high or low limit) for the specified test. On the basis of these criteria, about 2% to 3% of those patients who received 1000mg or 2000mg of clarithromycin daily had seriously abnormal elevated levels of SGOT and SGPT, and abnormally low white blood cell and platelet counts. A lower percentage of patients in these two dosage groups also had elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen levels. Slightly higher incidences of abnormal values were noted for patients who received 4000mg daily for all parameters except White Blood Cell.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Reports indicate the ingestion of large amounts of clarithromycin can be expected to produce gastrointestinal symptoms. One patient who had a history of bipolar disorder ingested eight grams of clarithromycin and showed altered mental status, paranoid behaviour, hypokalaemia and hypoxaemia.
Adverse reactions accompanying overdosage should be treated by the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and supportive measures. As with other macrolides, clarithromycin serum levels are not expected to be appreciably affected by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
In the case of overdosage, clarithromycin IV (powder for solution for injection) should be discontinued and all other supportive measures should be instituted.
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antibiotics macrolides ATC code: J01F A09
Mechanism of action
Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin A. It exerts its antibacterial action by binding to the 50s ribosomal sub-unit of susceptible bacteria and suppresses protein synthesis. Clarithromycin demonstrates excellent in vitro activity against standard strains of clinical isolates. It is highly potent against a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clarithromycin are generally two-fold lower than the MICs of erythromycin.
The 14-(R)-hydroxy metabolite of clarithromycin, formed in man by first pass metabolism also has anti-microbial activity. The MICs of this metabolite are equal to or two-fold higher than the MICs of the parent compound except for H. influenzae where the 14-hydroxy metabolite is two-fold more active than the parent compound.
Clarithromycin 500 mg Powder for Solution for Injection is usually active against the following organisms in vitro:
Gram-positive Bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible); Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci); alpha-haemolytic streptococcus (viridans group); Streptococcus (Diplococcus) pneumoniae; Streptococcus agalactiae; Listeria monocytogenes.
Gram-negative Bacteria:
Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Legionella pneumophila, Bordetella pertussis, Helicobacter pylori; Campylobacter jejuni.
Mycoplasma:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Other Organisms:
Chlamydia trachomatis; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium leprae; Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Anaerobes:
Macrolide-susceptible Bacteroides fragilis; Clostridium perfringens; Peptococcus species; Peptostreptococcus species; Propionibacterium acnes.
Clarithromycin has bactericidal activity against several bacterial strains. These organisms include H. influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter spp.
The activity of clarithromycin against H. pylori is greater at neutral pH than at acid pH.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The microbiologically active metabolite 14-hydroxyclarithromycin is formed by first pass metabolism as indicated by lower bioavailability of the metabolite following IV administration. Following IV administration, the blood levels of clarithromycin achieved are well in excess of the MIC 90s for the common pathogens and the levels of
14-hydroxyclarithromycin exceed the necessary concentrations for important
pathogens,
e.g. H. influenzae.
The pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and the 14-hydroxy metabolite are nonlinear; steady state is achieved by day 3 of IV dosing. Following a single 500mg IV dose over 60 minutes, about 33% clarithromycin and 11% 14-hydroxyclarithromycin is excreted in the urine at 24 hours.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
There are no pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Lactobionic acid Water for injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
Clarithromycin 500mg Powder for Solution for Infusion should only be diluted with the diluents recommended in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vial: 48 months.
Reconstituted solution: Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 5 - 25°C when reconstituted in 10ml water for injections, and for 6 hours (at 25°C) or 24 hours at (5°C) once diluted in 250ml of appropriate diluent (see section 6.6).
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C unless reconstitution/ dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
6.4
Special precautions for storage
Store below 25°C
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Ph. Eur Type II clear glass 20ml vial with bromobutyl stopper and aluminium flip-off cap.
Carton contains 1 or 5 vials.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Reconstitute each vial of Clarithromycin 500mg Powder for Solution for Infusion with 10ml sterile water for injections (final volume: 10.75 ml).
The reconstituted solution can be diluted in 250ml of the following diluents:
0.9% sodium chloride solution 5% dextrose solution
5% dextrose in 0.3% or 0.45% sodium chloride solution 5% dextrose in Ringers solution 5% dextrose in Ringers Lactate solution
Clarithromycin 500mg Powder for Solution for Infusion should be administered into one of the larger proximal veins as an IV infusion over 60 minutes, using a solution concentration of about 2mg/ml. Clarithromycin should not be given as a bolus or an intramuscular injection.
For single use only. The vial and any unused solution should be adequately disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Ibigen Srl,
Via Fossignano 2 04011 - Aprilia (LT)
Italy
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 31745/0027
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
26/09/2012
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
14/09/2015