Cycloserine
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
CYCLOSERINE
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each capsule contains as active ingredient 250mg of cycloserine.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Capsule, hard.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Actions: Cycloserine inhibits cell wall synthesis in susceptible strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Indications. Cycloserine is indicated in the treatment of active pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (including renal disease) when the organisms are susceptible to this drug and after failure of adequate treatment with the primary medications (streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol). Like all anti-tuberculous drugs, cyclosenne should be administered in conjunction with other effective chemotherapy and not as the sole therapeutic agent.
Cycloserine may be effective in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Klebsiella/Enterobacter species and Escherichia coli. It is generally no more and may be less effective than other antimicrobial agents in the treatment of urinary tract infections
caused by bacteria other than mycobacteria, Use of cycloserine in these infections should be considered only when the more conventional therapy has failed and when the organism has been demonstrated to be sensitive to the drug.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Adults: the usual dosage is 500 mg to 1 g daily in divided doses, monitored by blood level determinations. The initial adult dosage most frequently given is 250 mg twice daily at 12-hour intervals for the first two weeks. A daily dosage of 1g should not be exceeded.
The elderly: as for adults but reduce dosage if renal function is impaired.
Paediatric population
The usual starting dose is 10 mg/ kg/ day, then adjusted according to blood levels obtained and therapeutic response.
Method of administration
For oral administration.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Cycloserine is contra-indicated in the presence of any of the following: epilepsy; depression, severe anxiety or psychosis; severe renal insufficiency; alcohol abuse.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Administration of cyclosenne should be discontinued or the dosage reduced if the patient develops allergic dermatitis or symptoms of central nervous system toxicity such as convulsions, psychosis, somnolence, depression, confusion, hyper-refiexia, headache, tremor, vertigo, paresis or dysarthria.
Toxicity is usually associated with blood levels of greater than 30mg/l, which may be the result of high dosage or inadequate renal clearance. The therapeutic index for this drug is low. The risk of convulsions is increased in chronic alcoholics (see ‘Precautions’ section).
Patients should be monitored by haematological, renal excretion, blood level and liver function studies.
Before treatment with cycloserine is begun, cultures should be taken and the susceptibility of the organism to the drug should be established. In tuberculous infections, sensitivity to the other anti-tuberculous agents in the regimen should also be demonstrated.
Blood levels should be determined at least weekly for patients having reduced renal function, for individuals receiving a daily dosage of more than 500mg, and for those showing signs and symptoms suggestive of toxicity. The dosage should be adjusted to keep the blood level below 30mg/l.
Anticonvulsant drugs or sedatives may be effective in controlling symptoms of central nervous system toxicity, such as convulsions, anxiety or tremor.
Patients receiving more than 500mg of cycloserine daily should be closely observed for such symptoms. The value of pyridoxine in preventing CNS toxicity from cycloserine has not been proven.
Administration of cycloserine and other anti-tuberculous drugs has been associated in a few instances with vitamin Bi2 and/or folic acid deficiency, megaloblastic anaemia and sideroblastic anaemia. If evidence of anaemia develops during treatment, appropriate investigations and treatment should be carried out.
Cycloserine has been associated with clinical exacerbations of porphyria and is not recommended in porphyric patients.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Drug interactions: Concurrent administration of ethionamide has been reported to potentiate neurotoxic side-effects. Alcohol and cycloserine are incompatible, especially during a regimen calling for large doses of the latter. Alcohol increases the possibility and risk of epileptic episodes. Patients receiving cyclosenne and isoniazid should be monitored for signs of CNS toxicity, such as dizziness and drowsiness, as these drugs have a combined toxic action on the CNS. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Concentrations in fetal blood approach those found in the serum. A study in 2 generations of rats given doses up to 100 mg/kg/day demonstrated no teratogenic effect in offspring. It is not known whether cycloserine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capability. Cycloserine should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
Breast-feeding
Concentrations in the mother’s milk approach those found in the serum. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Not relevant.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Most side-effects occurring during treatment with cycloserine involve the nervous system or are manifestations of drug hypersensitivity. The following side-effects have been observed: nervous system manifestations, which appear to be related to higher dosages of drug, i.e. more than 500 mg daily, can be convulsions, drowsiness, somnolence, headache, tremor, dysarthria, vertigo, confusion and disorientation with loss of memory, psychosis, possibly with suicidal tendencies, character changes, hyper-irritability, aggression, paresis, hyper-reflexia, paraesthesiae, major and minor localised clonic seizures and coma.
Other reported side-effects include allergy, rash, megaloblastic anaemia and elevated serum aminotransferases, especially in patients with pre-existing liver disease.
Sudden development of congestive heart failure, in patients receiving 1 to 1.5 g of cycloserine daily, has been reported.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continues monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Signs and symptoms: Acute toxicity can occur if more than 1g is ingested by an adult. Chronic toxicity is dose related and can occur if more than 500mg is administered daily. For patients with renal impairment see ‘Contraindications’ and Warnings’. Toxicity commonly affects the central nervous system. Effects may include headache, vertigo, confusion, drowsiness, hyperirritability, paraesthesias, dysarthria and psychosis. Following larger ingestions, paresis, convulsions and coma often occur. Ethanol may increase the risk of seizures.
Treatment: Symptomatic and supportive therapy is recommended. Activated charcoal may be more effective in reducing absorption than emesis or lavage. In adults, many neurotoxic effects can be both treated and prevented with 200300mg of pyridoxine daily.
Haemodialysis removes cyclosenne from the bloodstream but should be reserved for life-threatening toxicity.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antimycobacterials, ATC code: J04AB01
Actions: Cycloserine inhibits cell wall synthesis (by competing with D-alanine for incorporation into the cell wall) in susceptible strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Indications: Cycloserine is indicated in the treatment of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (including renal disease) when the organisms are susceptible to this drug and after failure of adequate treatment with the primary medications (streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol). Like all anti-tuberculous drugs, cycloserine should be administered in conjunction with other effective chemotherapy and not as the sole therapeutic agent.
Cycloserine may be effective in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Klebsiella/Enterobacter species and Escherichia coli. It is generally no more and may be less effective than other antimicrobial agents in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by bacteria other than mycobacteria. Use of cycloserine in these infections should be considered only when the more conventional therapy has failed and when the organism has been demonstrated to be sensitive to the drug.
5.2. Pharmacokinetic Properties
Cycloserine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the GI tract after oral administration. Following the administration of a 250mg dose plasma levels are detectable within an hour and peak plasma concentrations of approximately 10mg/l are achieved 3-4 hours after dosage administration. It is widely distributed throughout body fluids and tissues.
There is no appreciable blood-brain barrier, and CSF levels are approximately the same as plasma levels. It is found in the sputum of tuberculous patients and has been detected in pleural and ascitic fluids, bile, amniotic fluid and fetal blood, breast milk, lung and lymph tissues.
Cycloserine is excreted into the urine, levels appearing within half an hour of oral ingestion. Approximately 66 per cent of a dose appears unchanged in the urine in 24 hours. A further 10 per cent is excreted over the next 48 hours. It is not significantly excreted in the faeces. Approximately 35 per cent is metabolised, but the metabolites have not yet been identified.
The half-life of cycloserine is in the range 8-12 hours.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
A study in two generations of rats given doses up to 100mg/ kg/ day demonstrated no teratogenic effect in offspring.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Talc
Erythrosin E127 Carmoisine E122 Sunset Yellow FCF E110 Titanium Dioxide E171 Black Iron Oxide E172 Gelatin
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life 2 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 25°C. Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Cycloserine capsules are red and grey.
HDPE bottles of 100 capsules and HDPE bottles with an extruded polyethylene (PE) / PET / Al foil Liner for Induction Heat Seal also containing 100 capsules.
Not all packs may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
No special requirements for disposal.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
King Pharmaceuticals Ltd Donegal Street Ballybofey County Donegal Ireland
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
PL 14385/0005
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE
AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: October 1996 Date of latest renewal: 31May 2007
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
10/11/2015