Demorem 4mg/5ml Oral Solution
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Demorem 4mg/5ml Oral Solution
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each 5 ml solution contains 5.0mg Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate equivalent to Ondansetron 4.0mg
For the full list of excipients see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Oral Solution
Clear colourless solution.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Adults:
Ondansetron is indicated for the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and for the prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
For treatment of established PONV administration by injection is recommended
Paediatric Population
Ondansetron is indicated for the management of chemotherapy -induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in children aged >6 months, and for the prevention and treatment of PONV in children aged >1 months administration by injection is recommended.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) Adults (including the elderly)
The emetogenic potential of cancer treatment varies according to the doses and combinations of chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens used. The route of administration and dose of Ondansetron should be flexible and selected as shown below:
Emetogenic chemotherapy and radiotherapy:
Ondansetron can be given either by rectal, oral (tablets or syrup), intravenous or intramuscular administration.
For oral administration: 8mg 1-2 hours before treatment, followed by 8mg 12 hours later.
To protect against delayed or prolonged emesis after the first 24 hours, oral or rectal treatment with Ondansetron should be continued for up to 5 days after a course of treatment.
The recommended dose for oral administration is 8mg twice daily.
Highly emetogenic chemotherapy (e.g. high dose cisplatin):
Ondansetron can be given either by oral, rectal, intravenous or intramuscular administration.
The recommended oral dose is 24 mg taken together with oral dexamethasone sodium phosphate 12 mg, 1 to 2 hours before treatment.
To protect against delayed or prolonged emesis after the first 24 hours, oral or rectal treatment with Ondansetron should be continued for up to 5 days after a course of treatment. The recommended dose for oral administration is 8mg twice daily.
Paediatric Population
CINV in children aged > 6 months and adolescents.
The dose for CINV can be calculated based on body surface area (BSA) or weight -see below.
In paediatric clinical studies, Ondansetron was given by IV infusion diluted in 25 to 50mL of saline or other compatible infusion fluid and infused over not less than 15 minutes.
Weight based dosing results in higher total daily doses compared to BSA-based dosing (sections 4.4 and 5.1).
There are no data from controlled clinical trials on the use of Ondansetron for radiotherapy -induced nausea and vomiting in children.
Dosing by BSA.
Ondansetron should be administered immediately before chemotherapy as a single intravenous dose of 5 mg/m2 .The intravenous doe must not exceed 8mg.Oral dosing can commence twelve hours later and may be continued for up to 5 days (Table 1).
The total dose over 24 hours (given as divided doses) must not exceed adult dose of 32mg m
Table 1: BSA-based dosing for Chemotherapy - Children aged > 6 months and adolescents.
|
BSA |
Day 1 (a,b) |
Days 2-6 (b) |
|
< 0.6 m2 |
5 mg/ m2 I.V plus 2mg Syrup after 12 hours |
2mg syrup every 12 hrs. |
|
> 0.6 m2 |
5 mg/ m2 I.V plus 4mg Syrup or |
4mg syrup or tablets every |
|
tablet after 12 hrs |
12 hrs. | |
|
>1.2m2 |
5mg/m2 or 8mg IV plus 8mg syrup or tablet after 12 hours. |
8mg syrup or tablet every 12 hours. |
a- The intravenous dose must not exceed 8mg.
b- The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32mg.
Dosing by bodyweight
Weight-based dosing results in higher total daily doses compared to BSA-based dosing (section 4.4 and 5.1).
Ondansetron should be administered immediately before chemotherapy as a single intravenous dose of 0.15 mg/kg. The intravenous dose must not exceed 8mg.Two further intravenous doses may be given in 4-hourly intervals. The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32mg.
Oral dosing can commence twelve hours later and may be continued for up to 5 days (Table 2).
Table 2: Weight -based dosing for Chemotherapy- Children aged > 6 months and adolescents.
|
Weight |
Day 1 (a,b) |
Days 2-6 (b) |
|
< 10 kg |
Up to 3 doses of 0.15 mg/kg every 4 hrs |
2mg syrup every 12 hrs |
|
> 10 kg |
Up to 3 doses of 1.5 mg/kg ever 4 hrs |
4mg syrup or tablets every 12 hrs. |
a- The intravenous dose must not exceed 8mg.
b- The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32mg.
Elderly:
Ondansetron is well tolerated by patients over 65 years. No alteration of oral dose frequency of administration is required.
Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Adults:
For the prevention of PONV: Ondansetron can be administered orally or by intravenous or intramuscular injection.
For oral administration: 16mg one hour prior to anaesthesia. Alternatively, 8mg one hour prior to anaesthesia followed by two further doses of 8mg at eight hourly intervals.
For the treatment of established PONV: Intravenous or intramuscular administration is recommended.
Paediatric population
PONV in children aged > 1 month and adolescents.
Oral formulation
No studies have been conducted on the use of orally administered ondansetron in the prevention or treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting; slow i.v injection is recommended for this purpose.
Injection
For prevention of PONV in paediatric patients having surgery performed under general anaesthesia, a single dose of ondansetron may be administered by slow intravenous injection (not less than 30 seconds) at a dose of 0.1mg/kg up to a maximum of 4mg either prior to ,at or after induction of anaesthesia.
For the treatment of PONV after surgery in paediatric patients having surgery performed under general anaesthesia, a single dose of ondansetron may be administered by slow intravenous injection (not less than 30 seconds) at a dose of 0.1mg/kg up to a maximum of 4mg.
There are no data on the use of Ondansetron in the treatment of PONV in children below 2 years of age.
Elderly:
There is limited experience in the use of Ondansetron in the prevention and treatment of PONV in the elderly; however Ondansetron is well tolerated in patients over 65 years receiving chemotherapy.
For both indications
Patients with renal impairment:
No alteration of daily dosage or frequency of dosing, or route of administration are required.
Patients with hepatic impairment:
Clearance of Ondansetron is significantly reduced and serum half-life significantly prolonged in subjects with moderate or severe impairment of hepatic function. In such patients a total daily dose of 8mg should not be exceeded.
Patients with poor sparteine/debrisoquine metabolism:
The elimination half-life of ondansetron is not altered in subjects classified as poor metabolisers of sparteine and debrisoquine. Consequently in such patients repeat dosing will give drug exposure levels no different from those of the general population. No alteration of daily dosage or frequency of dosing is required.
4.3 Contraindications
Concomitant use with apomorphine (see section 4.5).
Hypersensitivity to any component of the preparation.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in patients who have exhibited hypersensitivity to other selective 5HT3 receptor antagonists.
Respiratory events should be treated symptomatically and clinicians should pay particular attention to them as precursors of hypersensitivity reactions.
Ondansetron prolongs the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner (see section 5.1). In addition, post-marketing cases of Torsade de Pointes have been reported in patients using ondansetron. Avoid ondansetron in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Ondansetron should be administered with caution to patients who have or may develop prolongation of QTc, including patients with electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias or patients taking other medicinal products that lead to QT prolongation or electrolyte abnormalities
Hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia should be corrected prior to ondansetron administration.
There have been post-marketing reports describing patients with serotonin syndrome (including altered mental status, autonomic instability and neuromuscular abnormalities) following the concomitant use of ondansetron and other serotonergic drugs (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)). If concomitant treatment with ondansetron and other serotonergic drugs is clinically warranted, appropriate observation of the patient is advised
As ondansetron is known to increase large bowel transit time, patients with signs of subacute intestinal obstruction should be monitored following administration.
In patients with adenotonsillar surgery prevention of nausea and vomiting with ondansetron may mask occult bleeding. Therefore, such patients should be followed carefully after ondansetron.
Paediatric Population:
Paediatric patients receiving ondansetron with hepatotoxic chemotherapeutic agents should be monitored closely for impaired hepatic function.
CINV: When calculating the dose on an mg/kg basis and administering three doses at 4-hourly intervals, the total daily dose will be higher than if one single dose of 5mg/m2 followed by an oral dose is given. The comparative efficacy of these two different dosing regimens has not been investigated in clinical trials. Cross-trial comparison indicates similar efficacy for both regimens (section 5.1).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
There is no evidence that ondansetron either induces or inhibits the metabolism of other drugs commonly co-administered with it. Specific studies have shown that there are no pharmacokinetic interactions when ondansetron is administered with alcohol, temazepam, furosemide, alfentanil, tramadol, morphine, lignocaine, thiopental or propofol.
Ondansetron is metabolized by multiple hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes: CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. Due to the multiplicity of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolizing ondansetron, enzyme inhibition or reduced activity of one enzyme (e.g. CYP2D6 genetic deficiency) is normally compensated by other enzymes and should result in little or no significant change in overall ondansetron clearance or dose requirement.
Caution should be exercised when ondansetron is coadministered with drugs that prolong the QT interval and/or cause electrolyte abnormalities. (See section 4.4)
Use of ondansetron with QT prolonging drugs may result in additional QT prolongation. Concomitant use of ondansetron with cardiotoxic drugs (e.g. anthracyclines (such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin) or trastuzumab), antibiotics (such as erythromycin or ketoconazole), antiarrhythmics (such as amiodarone) and beta blockers (such as atenolol or timolol) may increase the risk of arrhythmias. (See section 4.4).
Serotonergic Drugs (e.g. SSRIs and SNRIs): There have been post-marketing reports describing patients with serotonin syndrome (including altered mental status, autonomic instability and neuromuscular abnormalities) following the concomitant use of ondansetron and other serotonergic drugs (including SSRIs and SNRIs). (See section 4.4)
Apomorphine: Based on reports of profound hypotension and loss of consciousness when ondansetron was administered with apomorphine hydrochloride, concomitant use with apomorphine is contraindicated.
Phenytoin, carbamazepine and rifampicin: in patients treated with potent inducers of CYP3A4 (i.e. phenytoin, carbamazepine and rifampicin), the oral clearance of ondansetron was increased and ondansetron blood concentrations were decreased.
Tramadol: data from small studies indicate that ondansetron may reduce the analgesic effect of tramadol.
4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
The safety of Ondansetron for use in human pregnancy has not been established. Evaluation of experimental animal studies does not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to the development of the embryo, or foetus, the course of gestation and peri- and post-natal development. However as animal studies are not always predictive of human response, the use of Ondansetron in pregnancy is not recommended.
Breast-feeding
Tests have shown that Ondansetron passes into the milk of lactating animals. It is therefore recommended that mothers receiving Ondansetron 4mg/5ml Oral Solution should not breast-feed their babies.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
In psychomotor testing Ondansetron does not impair performance nor cause sedation. No detrimental effects on such activities are predicted from the pharmacology of Ondansetron.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Adverse effects are listed below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 and <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 and <1/1000) and very rare (<1/10,000) including isolated reports. Very common, common and uncommon events were generally determined from clinical trial data. The incidence in placebo was taken into account. Rare and very rare events were generally determined from post-marketing spontaneous data.
The following frequencies are estimated at the standard recommended doses of ondansetron according to indication and formulation.
Immune system disorders
Rare: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions sometimes severe, including anaphylaxis.
Nervous system disorders
Very common: Headache
Uncommon: Seizures, movement disorders including extrapyramidal reactions such as dystonic reactions, oculogyric crisis and dyskinesia have been observed without definitive evidence of persistent clinical sequelae.
Rare: Dizziness during i.v. administration, which in most cases is prevented or resolved by lengthening the infusion period.
Eye disorders
Rare: Transient visual disturbances (e.g. Blurred vision) during i.v. administration.
Very rare: Transient blindness, predominantly during intravenous
administration. The majority of cases resolve within 20 minutes. Most patients had received chemotherapeutic agents, which included cisplatin. Some cases of transient blindness were reported as cortical in origin.
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon: Arrhythmias, chest pain with or without ST segment depression, bradycardia.
Rare: QTc prolongation (including Torsade de Pointes).
Vascular disorders
Common: Sensation of warmth or flushing.
Uncommon: Hypotension.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Uncommon: Hiccups.
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common: Constipation.
Hepatobiliary disorders
Uncommon: Asymptomatic increases in liver function tests.
These events were observed commonly in patients receiving chemotherapy with cisplatin.
Paediatric population
The adverse event profile in children and adolescents was comparable to that seen in adults.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
4.9 Overdose
Signs and Symptoms
There is limited experience of ondansetron overdose. In the majority of cases, symptoms were similar to those already reported in patients receiving recommended doses (see section 4.8). Manifestations that have been reported include visual disturbances, severe constipation, hypotension and a vasovagal episode with transient second-degree AV block.
Ondansetron prolongs the QT interval in a dose-dependents fashion. ECG monitoring is recommended in cases of overdose.
Treatment
There is no specific antidote for ondansetron, therefore in all cases of suspected overdose, symptomatic and supportive therapy should be given as appropriate. The use of ipecacuanha to treat overdose with ondansetron is not recommended, as patients are unlikely to respond due to the anti-emetic action of ondansetron itself.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiemetics and antinauseants, Serotonin (5-HT3) antagonists ATC Code: A04AA01
Ondansetron is a potent, highly selective 5HT3 receptor-antagonist. Its precise mode of action in the control of nausea and vomiting is not known. Chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy may cause release of 5HT in the small intestine initiating a vomiting reflex by activating vagal afferents via 5HT3 receptors. Ondansetron blocks the initiation of this reflex. Activation of vagal afferents may also cause a release of 5HT in the area postrema, located on the floor of the fourth ventricle, and this may also promote emesis through a central mechanism. Thus, the effect of ondansetron in the management of the nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy is probably due to antagonism of 5HT3 receptors on neurons located both in the peripheral and central nervous system. The mechanisms of action in postoperative nausea and vomiting are not known but there may be common pathways with cytotoxic induced nausea and vomiting.
Ondansetron does not alter plasma prolactin concentrations.
The role of ondansetron in opiate-induced emesis is not yet established.
QT Prolongation
The effect of ondansetron on the QTc interval was evaluated in a double blind, randomized, placebo and positive (moxifloxacin) controlled, crossover study in 58 healthy adult men and women. Ondansetron doses included 8 mg and 32 mg infused intravenously over 15 minutes. At the highest tested dose of 32 mg, the maximum mean (upper limit of 90% CI) difference in QTcF from placebo after baselinecorrection was 19.6 (21.5) msec. At the lower tested dose of 8 mg, the maximum mean (upper limit of 90% CI) difference in QTcF from placebo after baseline correction was 5.8 (7.8) msec. In this study, there were no QTcF measurements greater than 480 msec and no QTcF prolongation was greater than 60 msec.
Paediatric population CINV
The efficacy of ondansetron in the control of emesis and nausea induced by cancer chemotherapy was assessed in a double -blind randomised trial in 415 patients aged 1 to 18 years (S3AB3006).On the days of chemotherapy, patients received either ondansetron 5mg/m intravenous+ondansetron 4mg orally after 81-12 hrs or ondansetron 0.45 mg/kg intravenous + placebo orally after 8-12 hrs. Post chemotherapy both groups received 4mg ondansetron syrup twice daily for 3 days. Complete control of emesis on worst day of chemotherapy was 49% (5mg/m intravenous + ondansetron 4mg orally) and 41% (0.45 mg/kg intravenous + placebo orally). Post chemotherapy both groups received 4mg ondansetron syrup twice daily for 3 days. There was no difference in the overall incidence or nature of adverse events between the two treatment groups.
A double -blind randomised placebo-controlled trial (S3AB4003) in 438 patients aged 1 to 17 years demonstrated complete control of emesis on worst day of chemotherapy in:
• 73% of patients when ondansetron was administered intravenously at a dose of 5mg/m2 intravenous together with 2-4 mg dexamethasone orally.
• 71% of patients when ondansetron was administered as syrup at a dose of 8mg+2-4mg dexamethasone orally on the days of chemotherapy. Post -chemotherapy both groups received 4mg ondansetron syrup twice daily for 2 days. There was no difference in the overall incidence or nature of adverse events between the two treatment groups.
The efficacy of ondansetron in 75 children aged 6 to 48 months was investigated in an open - label, non- comparative, single-arm study (S3A40320). All children received three 0.15 mg/kg doses of intravenous ondansetron administered 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy and then at four and eight hours after the first dose. Complete control of emesis was achieved in 56% of patients.
Another open-label, non-comparative, single-arm study (S3A239) investigated the efficacy of one intravenous dose of 0.15 mg/kg ondansetron followed by two oral ondansetron doses of 4 mg for children aged < 12 years and 8mg for children aged > 12 years (total no of children n=28 ). Complete control of emesis was achieved in 42% of patients.
PONV
The efficacy of a single dose of ondansetron in the prevention of post operative nausea and vomiting was investigated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 670 children aged 1 to 24 months (post conceptual age > 44 weeks, weight > 3 kg). Included subjects were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general anaesthesia and had an ASA status < III.A single dose of ondansetron 0.1mg/kg was administered within five minutes following induction of anaesthesia. The proportion of subjects who experienced at least one emetic episode during the 24- hour assessment period (ITT) was greater for patients on placebo than those receiving ondansetron (28% vs 11%, p < 0.0001)
Four double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have been performed in 1469 male and female patients ( 2 to 12 years of age) undergoing general anaesthesia .Patients were randomised to either single intravenous doses of ondansetron (0.1mg/kg for paediatric patients weighing 40 kg or less, 4mg for paediatric patients weighing more than 40 kg; number of patients = 735 ) or placebo (number of patients = 734 ).Study drug was administered over at least 30 seconds, immediately prior to or following anaesthesia induction. Ondansetron was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing nausea and vomiting .The results of these studies are summarised in Table 3.
Table 3: Prevention and treatment of PONV in Paediatric Patients- Treatment response over 24 hours_
|
Study |
Endpoint |
Ondansetron % |
Placebo % |
p value |
|
S3A380 |
CR |
68 |
39 |
<0.001 |
|
S3GT09 |
CR |
61 |
35 |
<0.001 |
|
S3A381 |
CR |
53 |
17 |
<0.001 |
|
S3GT11 |
No nausea |
64 |
51 |
0.004 |
|
S3GT11 |
No emesis |
60 |
47 |
0.004 |
CR = no emetic episodes, rescue or withdrawal.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Following oral administration, Ondansetron is passively and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes first pass metabolism. Peak plasma concentrations of about 30ng/ml are attained approximately 1.5 hours after an 8mg dose. For doses above 8mg the increase in ondansetron systemic exposure with dose is greater than proportional; this may reflect some reduction in first pass metabolism at higher oral doses. Bioavailability, following oral administration, is slightly enhanced by the presence of food but unaffected by antacids. Studies in healthy elderly volunteers have shown slight, but clinically insignificant, age-related increases in both oral bioavailability (65%) and half-life (5 hours) of ondansetron. Gender differences were shown in the disposition of ondansetron, with females having a greater rate and extent of absorption following an oral dose and reduced systemic clearance and volume of distribution (adjusted for weight).
The disposition of Ondansetron following oral, intramuscular(IM) and intravenous(IV) dosing is similar with a terminal half life of about 3 hours and steady state volume of distribution of about 140L. Equivalent systemic exposure is achieved after IM and IV administration of Ondansetron.
A 4mg intravenous infusion of ondansetron given over 5 minutes results in peak plasma concentrations of about 65ng/mL. Following intramuscular administration of ondansetron, peak plasma concentrations of about 25ng/mL are attained within 10 minutes of injection.
Following administration of ondansetron suppository, plasma ondansetron concentrations become detectable between 15 and 60 minutes after dosing. Concentrations rise in an essentially linear fashion, until peak concentrations of 20-30 ng/mL are attained, typically 6 hours after dosing. Plasma concentrations then fall, but at a slower rate than observed following oral dosing due to continued absorption of ondansetron. The absolute bioavailability of ondansetron from the suppository is approximately 60% and is not affected by gender. The half life of the elimination phase following suppository administration is determined by the rate of ondansetron absorption, not systemic clearance and is approximately 6 hours. Females show a small, clinically insignificant, increase in half-life in comparison with males.
Ondansetron is not highly protein bound (70-76%). Ondansetron is cleared from the systemic circulation predominantly by hepatic metabolism through multiple enzymatic pathways. Less than 5% of the absorbed dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. The absence of the enzyme CYP2D6 (the debrisoquine polymorphism) has no effect on ondansetron's pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetic properties of ondansetron are unchanged on repeat dosing.
Specific studies in the elderly or patients with renal impairment have been limited to oral administration. However, it is anticipated that the half-life of ondansetron after rectal administration in these populations will be similar to that seen in healthy volunteers.
Following oral dosing in patients with severe hepatic impairment, ondansetron's systemic clearance is markedly reduced with prolonged elimination half-lives (15-32 h) and an oral bioavailability approaching 100% due to reduced pre-systemic metabolism.
Special Patient Populations Gender
Gender differences were shown in the disposition of ondansetron, with females having a greater rate and extent of absorption following an oral dose and reduced systemic clearance and volume of distribution (adjusted for weight).
Children and Adolescents (aged 1 month to 17years)
In paediatric patients aged 1 to 4 months (n=19) undergoing surgery, weight normalised clearance was approximately 30% slower than in patients aged 5 to 24 months (n=22) but comparable to the patients aged 3 to 12 years. The halflife in the patient population aged 1 to 4 month was reported to average 6.7 hours compared to 2.9 hours for patients in the 5 to 24 month and 3 to 12 year age range. The differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in the 1 to 4 month patient population can be explained in part by the higher percentage of total body water in neonates and infants and a higher volume of distribution for water soluble drugs like Ondansetron. In paediatric patients aged 3 to 12 years undergoing elective surgery with general anaesthesia, the absolute values for both the clearance and volume of distribution of Ondansetron were reduced in comparison to values with adult patients. Both parameters increased in a linear fashion with weight and by 12 years of age, the values were approaching those of young adults. When clearance and volume of distribution values were normalised by body weight, the values for these parameters were similar between the different age group populations. Use of weight-based dosing compensates for age-related changes and is effective in normalising systemic exposure in paediatric patients. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on 428 subjects (cancer patients, surgery patients and healthy volunteers) aged 1 month to 44 years following intravenous administration of Ondansetron. Based on this analysis, systemic exposure (AUC) of Ondansetron following oral or IV dosing in children and adolescents was comparable to adults, with the exception of infants aged 1 to 4 months. Volume was related to age and was lower in adults than in infants and children. Clearance was related to weight but not to age with the exception of infants aged 1 to 4 months. It is difficult to conclude whether there was an additional reduction in clearance related to age in infants 1 to 4 months or simply inherent variability due to the low number of subjects studied in this age group. Since patients less than 6 months of age will only receive a single dose in PONV a decreased clearance is not likely to be clinically relevant.
Elderly
Early Phase I studies in healthy elderly volunteers showed a slight age-related decrease in clearance, and an increase in half-life of Ondansetron. However, wide inter-subject variability resulted in considerable overlap in pharmacokinetic parameters between young (< 65 years of age) and elderly subjects (> 65 years of age) and there were no overall differences in safety or efficacy observed between young and elderly cancer patients enrolled in CINV clinical trials to support a different dosing recommendation for the elderly. Based on more recent Ondansetron plasma concentrations and exposure-response modelling, a greater effect on QTcF is predicted in patients >75 years of age compared to young adults. Specific dosing information is provided for patients over 65 years of age and over 75 years of age for intravenous dosing.
Renal impairment
In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance 15-60 mL/min), both systemic clearance and volume of distribution are reduced following IV administration of Ondansetron, resulting in a slight, but clinically insignificant, increase in elimination half-life (5.4 hours). A study in patients with severe renal impairment who required regular haemodialysis (studied between dialyses) showed ondansetron's pharmacokinetics to be essentially unchanged following IV administration.
Hepatic impairment
Following oral, intravenous or intramuscular dosing in patients with severe hepatic impairment, ondansetron's systemic clearance is markedly reduced with prolonged elimination half-lives (15-32 hours) and an oral bioavailability approaching 100% due to reduced pre-systemic metabolism. The pharmacokinetics of Ondansetron following administration as a suppository have not been evaluated in patients with hepatic impairment.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
No additional data of relevance.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium benzoate
Citric Acid Monohydrate Sodium Citrate Glycerol
Strawberry Flavour Purified Water
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened: 2years.
After opening: 4 weeks
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original container.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Amber Type III Glass
Child Resistant Tamper Evident Cap- High density polypropylene cap with polyethylene lining.
5 ml and 2.5ml double ended polypropylene spoon.
Pack sizes available: 50ml
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Percuro Medica Limited
Cunard Road Park Royal London NW10 6PN
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 35517/0014
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
11/12/2009
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
12/05/2015