Desloratadine 0.5 Mg/Ml Oral Solution
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Desloratadine 0.5 mg/ml Oral Solution
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each ml of Solution contains 0.5 mg desloratadine Excipient:
Each ml of Oral Solution contains 150mg/ml of Sorbitol, liquid (non-crystallising). For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Oral solution
Clear, colorless aqueous solution with a bubble-gum odour.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Desloratadine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with:
- allergic rhinitis (see section 5.1)
- urticaria (see section 5.1)
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Desloratadine may be taken without regard to mealtime for the relief of symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis (including intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis) and urticaria (see section 5.1).
The prescriber should be aware that most cases of rhinitis below 2 years of age are of infectious origin (see section 4.4) and there are no data supporting the treatment of infectious rhinitis with Desloratadine.
Children 1 through 5 years of age: 2.5 ml (1.25 mg) Desloratadine oral solution once a day.
Children 6 through 11 years of age: 5 ml (2.5 mg) Desloratadine oral solution once a day.
In adults and adolescents (12 years of age and over): 10 ml (5 mg) Desloratadine oral solution once a day.
There is limited clinical trial efficacy experience with the use of desloratadine in adolescents 12 through 17 years of age (see sections 4.8 and 5.1).
Intermittent allergic rhinitis (presence of symptoms for less than 4 days per week or for less than 4 weeks) should be managed in accordance with the evaluation of patient’s disease history and the treatment could be discontinued after symptoms are resolved and reinitiated upon their reappearance. In persistent allergic rhinitis (presence of symptoms for 4 days or more per week and for more than 4 weeks), continued treatment may be proposed to the patients during the allergen exposure periods.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to any of the excipients, or to loratadine.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Efficacy and safety of Desloratadine oral solution in children under 1 year of age have not been established.
In children below 2 years of age, the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is particularly difficult to distinguish from other forms of rhinitis. The absence of upper respiratory tract infection or structural abnormalities, as well as patient history, physical examinations, and appropriate laboratory and skin tests should be considered.
Approximately 6 % of adults and children 2- to 11-year old are phenotypic poor metabolisers of desloratadine and exhibit a higher exposure (see section 5.2). The safety of desloratadine in children 2- to 11-years of age who are poor metabolisers is the same as in children who are normal metabolisers.
The effects of desloratadine in poor metabolisers < 2 years of age have not been studied.
In the case of severe renal insufficiency, Desloratadine should be used with caution (see section 5.2).
This medicinal product contains sorbitol; thus, patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No clinically relevant interactions were observed in clinical trials with desloratadine oral solution in which erythromycin or ketoconazole were co-administered (see section 5.1).
In a clinical pharmacology trial desloratadine taken concomitantly with alcohol did not potentiate the performance impairing effects of alcohol (see section 5.1).
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Desloratadine was not teratogenic in animal studies. The safe use of the medicinal product during pregnancy has not been established. The use of desloratadine during pregnancy is therefore not recommended.
Desloratadine is excreted into breast milk, therefore the use of desloratadine is not recommended in breastfeeding women.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
In clinical trials that assessed the driving ability, no impairment occurred in patients receiving desloratadine. However, patients should be informed that very rarely some people experience drowsiness, which may affect their ability to drive or use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
In clinical trials in a paediatric population, the desloratadine syrup formulation was administered to a total of 246 children aged 6 months through 11 years. The overall incidence of adverse events in children 2 through 11 years of age was similar for the desloratadine and the placebo groups. In infants and toddlers aged 6 to 23 months, the most frequent adverse events reported in excess of placebo were diarrhoea (3.7 %), fever (2.3 %) and insomnia (2.3 %). In an additional study, no adverse events were seen in subjects between 6 and 11 years of age following a single 2.5 mg dose of desloratadine oral solution.
At the recommended dose, in clinical trials involving adults and adolescents in a range of indications including allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, undesirable effects with desloratadine were reported in 3 % of patients in excess of those treated with placebo. The most frequent of adverse events reported in excess of placebo were fatigue (1.2 %), dry mouth (0.8 %) and headache (0.6 %).
27 other undesirable effects reported very rarely during the post-marketing period are listed in the following table.
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Hallucinations |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, psychomotor hyperactivity, seizures |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Tachycardia, palpitations |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhoea |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Elevations of liver enzymes, increased bilirubin, hepatitis |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Myalgia |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Hypersensitivity reactions (such as anaphylaxis, angioedema, dyspnoea, pruritus, rash, and urticaria) |
4.9 Overdose
In the event of overdose, consider standard measures to remove unabsorbed active substance. Symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended.
Based on a multiple dose clinical trial, in which up to 45 mg of desloratadine was administered (nine times the clinical dose), no clinically relevant effects were observed.
Desloratadine is not eliminated by haemodialysis; it is not known if it is eliminated by peritoneal dialysis.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: antihistamines - Hi antagonist, ATC code: R06A X27
Desloratadine is a non-sedating, long-acting histamine antagonist with selective peripheral H1-receptor antagonist activity. After oral administration, desloratadine selectively blocks peripheral histamine H1-receptors because the substance is excluded from entry to the central nervous system.
Desloratadine has demonstrated antiallergic properties from in vitro studies. These include inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 from human mast cells/basophils, as well as inhibition of the expression of the adhesion molecule P-selectin on endothelial cells. The clinical relevance of these observations remains to be confirmed.
Efficacy of desloratadine oral solution has not been investigated in separate paediatric trials. However, the safety of desloratadine syrup, which contains the same concentration of desloratadine, was demonstrated in three paediatric trials. Children, 1-11 years of age, who were candidates for antihistamine therapy received a daily desloratadine dose of 1.25 mg (1 through 5 years of age) or 2.5 mg (6 through 11 years of age). Treatment was well tolerated as documented by clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and ECG interval data, including QTc. When given at the recommended doses, the plasma concentrations of desloratadine (see section 5.2) were comparable in the paediatric and adult populations. Thus, since the course of allergic rhinitis/chronic idiopathic urticaria and the profile of desloratadine are similar in adults and paediatric patients, desloratadine efficacy data in adults can be extrapolated to the paediatric population.
In a multiple dose clinical trial, in which up to 20 mg of desloratadine was administered daily for 14 days, no statistically or clinically relevant cardiovascular effect was observed. In a clinical pharmacology trial, in which desloratadine was administered at a dose of 45 mg daily (nine times the clinical dose) for ten days, no prolongation of QTc interval was seen.
No clinically relevant changes in desloratadine plasma concentrations were observed in multiple-dose ketoconazole and erythromycin interaction trials.
Efficacy of desloratadine syrup has not been investigated in paediatric trials in children less than 12 years of age.
Desloratadine does not readily penetrate the central nervous system. In controlled clinical trials, at the recommended dose of 5 mg daily, there was no excess incidence of somnolence as compared to placebo. Desloratadine given at a single daily dose of 7.5 mg did not affect psychomotor performance in clinical trials. In a single dose study performed in adults, desloratadine 5 mg did not affect standard measures of flight performance including exacerbation of subjective sleepiness or tasks related to flying.
In clinical pharmacology trials in adults, co-administration with alcohol did not increase the alcohol-induced impairment in performance or increase in sleepiness. No significant differences were found in the psychomotor test results between desloratadine and placebo groups, whether administered alone or with alcohol.
In adult and adolescent patients with allergic rhinitis, desloratadine tablets were effective in relieving symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharge and itching, as well as ocular itching, tearing and redness, and itching of palate. Desloratadine effectively controlled symptoms for 24 hours. The efficacy of desloratadine tablets has not been clearly demonstrated in trials with adolescent patients 12 through 17 years of age.
In addition to the established classifications of seasonal and perennial, allergic rhinitis can alternatively be classified as intermittent allergic rhinitis and persistent allergic rhinitis according to the duration of symptoms. Intermittent allergic rhinitis is defined as the presence of symptoms for less than 4 days per week or for less than 4 weeks. Persistent allergic rhinitis is defined as the presence of symptoms for 4 days or more per week and for more than 4 weeks.
Desloratadine tablets were effective in alleviating the burden of seasonal allergic rhinitis as shown by the total score of the rhino-conjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire. The greatest amelioration was seen in the domains of practical problems and daily activities limited by symptoms.
Chronic idiopathic urticaria was studied as a clinical model for urticarial conditions, since the underlying pathophysiology is similar, regardless of etiology, and because chronic patients can be more easily recruited prospectively. Since histamine release is a causal factor in all urticarial diseases, desloratadine is expected to be effective in providing symptomatic relief for other urticarial conditions, in addition to chronic idiopathic urticaria, as advised in clinical guidelines.
In two placebo-controlled six week trials in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria, desloratadine was effective in relieving pruritus and decreasing the size and number of hives by the end of the first dosing interval. In each trial, the effects were sustained over the 24 hour dosing interval. As with other antihistamine trials in chronic idiopathic urticaria, the minority of patients who were identified as nonresponsive to antihistamines was excluded. An improvement in pruritus of more than 50 % was observed in 55 % of patients treated with desloratadine compared with 19 % of patients treated with placebo. Treatment with desloratadine also significantly reduced interference with sleep and daytime function, as measured by a four-point scale used to assess these variables.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Desloratadine plasma concentrations can be detected within 30 minutes of desloratadine administration in adults and adolescents. Desloratadine is well absorbed with maximum concentration achieved after approximately 3 hours; the terminal phase half-life is approximately 27 hours. The degree of accumulation of desloratadine was consistent with its half-life (approximately 27 hours) and a once daily dosing frequency. The bioavailability of desloratadine was dose proportional over the range of 5 mg to 20 mg.
In a series of pharmacokinetic and clinical trials, 6 % of the subjects reached a higher concentration of desloratadine. The prevalence of this poor metaboliser phenotype was comparable for adult (6 %) and paediatric subjects 2- to 11-year old (6 %), and greater among Blacks (18 % adult, 16 % paediatric) than Caucasians (2 % adult, 3 % paediatric) in both populations.
In a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study conducted with the tablet formulation in healthy adult subjects, four subjects were found to be poor metabolisers of desloratadine. These subjects had a Cmax concentration about 3-fold higher at approximately 7 hours with a terminal phase half-life of approximately 89 hours.
Similar pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study conducted with the syrup formulation in paediatric poor metaboliser subjects 2- to 11-year old diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. The exposure (AUC) to desloratadine was about 6-fold higher and the Cmax was about 3 to 4 fold higher at 3-6 hours with a terminal half-life of approximately 120 hours.
Exposure was the same in adult and paediatric poor metabolisers when treated with age-appropriate doses. The overall safety profile of these subjects was not different from that of the general population.
The effects of desloratadine in poor metabolizers < 2 years of age have not been studied.
Desloratadine is moderately bound (83 % - 87 %) to plasma proteins. There is no evidence of clinically relevant active substance accumulation following once daily adult and adolescent dosing of desloratadine (5 mg to 20 mg) for 14 days.
In a single dose, crossover study of desloratadine, the tablet and the syrup formulations were found to be bioequivalent. As desloratadine oral solution contains the same concentration of desloratadine, no bioequivalence study was required and it is expected to be equivalent to the syrup and tablet.
In separate single dose studies, at the recommended doses, paediatric patients had comparable AUC and Cmax values of desloratadine to those in adults who received a 5 mg dose of desloratadine syrup.
The enzyme responsible for the metabolism of desloratadine has not been identified yet, and therefore, some interactions with other medicinal products can not be fully excluded. Desloratadine does not inhibit CYP3A4 in vivo, and in vitro studies have shown that the medicinal product does not inhibit CYP2D6 and is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein.
In a single dose trial using a 7.5 mg dose of desloratadine, there was no effect of food (high-fat, high caloric breakfast) on the disposition of desloratadine. In another study, grapefruit juice had no effect on the disposition of desloratadine.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Desloratadine is the primary active metabolite of loratadine. Non-clinical studies conducted with desloratadine and loratadine demonstrated that there are no qualitative or quantitative differences in the toxicity profile of desloratadine and loratadine at comparable levels of exposure to desloratadine.
Non-clinical data with desloratadine reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, and toxicity to reproduction. The lack of carcinogenic potential was demonstrated in studies conducted with desloratadine and loratadine.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
sorbitol, liquid (non-crystallising) (E420),
propylene glycol (E1520), sucralose (E955), hypromellose (E464), sodium citrate (E331),
N&A Bubblegum type FL #25685 flavour, citric acid anhydrous (E330), purified water
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
2 years
Desloratadine Oral Solution should be used within 2 months after first opening of the bottle
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not refrigerate or freeze. Store in the original bottle in order to protect from light.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Amber colour glass bottles with white child-resistant polypropylene (PP) closures and yellow tamper evidence rings.
Packs of 50, 60, 100, 120 and 150ml Amber glass bottles.
All packages are supplied with a HDPE measuring spoon, marked for doses of 2.5 ml and 5 ml.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
No special requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
TEVA UK Limited Brampton Road,
Hampden Park,
Eastbourne,
East Sussex, BN22 9AG UNITED KINGDOM
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 00289/1699
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
02/04/2013
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
02/04/2013