Flucloxacillin 1g Powder For Solution For Injection Or Infusion
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Flucloxacillin 1g, powder for solution for injection or infusion
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each vial contains 1g flucloxacillin as flucloxacillin sodium.
Each vial contains approximately 2.26 mmol (52mg) sodium.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Powder for solution for injection or infusion Glass vial containing white powder
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to sensitive Grampositive organisms, including P-lactamase-producing staphylococci and streptococci. Typical indications include:
Skin and soft tissue infections:
Boils, Cellulitis, Infected burns
Abscesses, Infected skin conditions, Protection for skin grafts Carbuncles e.g. ulcer, eczema, and acne.
Impetigo
Furunculosis, Infected wounds
Respiratory tract infections:
Pneumonia, Lung abscess, Emphysema Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Otitis media and externa Tonsillitis, Quinsy
Other infections caused by flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms:
Osteomyelitis, Urinary tract infection Enteritis, Meningitis Endocarditis, Septicaemia
Flucloxacillin is also indicated for use as a prophylactic agent during major surgical procedures when appropriate; for example cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgery.
Parenteral usage is indicated where oral dosage is inappropriate.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Depends on the age, weight and renal function of the patient, as well as the severity of the infection.
Usual adult dosage (including elderly patients)
Intramuscular - 250 mg four times a day.
Intravenous - 250 mg to 1 g four times a day.
The above systemic dosages may be doubled where necessary.
Osteomyelitis, endocarditis - Up to 8 g daily, in divided doses six to eight hourly.
Surgical prophylaxis - 1 to 2 g IV at induction of anaesthesia followed by 500 mg six hourly IV, IM or orally for up to 72 hours.
Flucloxacillin may be administered by other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. (Proportionately lower doses should be given in children.)
Intrapleural - 250 mg once daily.
By nebuliser - 125 to 250 mg four times a day.
Intra-articular - 250 to 500 mg once daily.
Usual children's dosage 2-10 years: half adult dose Under 2 years: quarter adult dose.
Abnormal renal function: In common with other penicillins, flucloxacillin usage in patients with renal impairment does not usually require dosage reduction. However, in the presence of severe renal failure (creatinine clearance < 10 ml/min) a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered. Flucloxacillin is not significantly removed by dialysis and hence no supplementary dosages need to be administered either during, or at the end of the dialysis period.
Administration
Intravenous: Dissolve 1g in 15-20 ml Water for Injections. Administer by slow intravenous injection (three to four minutes). Flucloxacillin may also be added to infusion fluids or injected, suitably diluted, into the drip tube over a period of three to four minutes.
4.3 Contraindications
Flucloxacillin should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to P-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins).
Flucloxacillin is contra-indicated in patients with a previous history of flucloxacillin-associated jaundice/hepatic dysfunction.
Ocular administration.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Before initiating therapy with flucloxacillin, careful enquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to P-lactams. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis) have been reported in patients receiving P-lactam antibiotics. Although anaphylaxis is more frequent following parenteral therapy, it has occurred in patients on oral therapy. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of P-lactam hypersensitivity.
Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction, patients > 50 years and those with serious underlying disease. In these patients, hepatic events may be severe, and in very rare circumstances, deaths have been reported (see section 4.8).
Special caution is essential in the newborn because of the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia. Studies have shown that, at high dose following parenteral administration, flucloxacillin can displace bilirubin from plasma protein binding sites, and may therefore predispose to kernicterus in a jaundiced baby. In addition, special caution is essential in the newborn because of the potential for high serum levels of flucloxacillin due to a reduced rate of renal excretion.
During prolonged treatments (e.g. osteomyelitis, endocarditis), regular monitoring of hepatic and renal functions is recommended.
Prolonged use may occasionally result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms.
Flucloxacillin Injection 1g contains approximately 2.26mmol (52mg) sodium per vial. This should be included in the daily allowance of patients on sodium restricted diets.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion of flucloxacillin. Concurrent administration of probenecid delays the renal excretion of flucloxacillin.
In common with other antibiotics, flucloxacillin may affect the gut flora, leading to lower oestrogen reabsorption and reduced efficacy of combined oral contraceptives.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Animal studies with flucloxacillin have shown no teratogenic effects. The product has been in clinical use since 1970 and the limited number of reported cases of use in human pregnancy have shown no evidence of untoward effects. The decision to administer any drug during pregnancy should be taken with the utmost care.
Therefore flucloxacillin should only be used in pregnancy when the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks associated with treatment.
Lactation
Trace quantities of flucloxacillin can be detected in breast milk. The possibility of hypersensitivity reactions must be considered in breast-feeding infants. Therefore flucloxacillin should only be administered to a breast-feeding mother when the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks associated with the treatment.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Adverse effects on the ability to drive or operate machinery have not been observed.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects:-
Very common (>1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>1/10,000, <1/1000), very rare ( <1/10,000).
Unless otherwise stated, the frequency of the adverse events has been derived from more than 30 years of post-marketing reports.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Very rare: Neutropenia (including agranulocytosis) and thrombocytopenia. These are reversible when treatment is discontinued. Haemolytic anaemia.
Immune system disorders
Very rare: Anaphylactic shock (exceptional with oral administration) (see Item
4.4 Warnings), angioneurotic oedema.
If any hypersensitivity reaction occurs, the treatment should be discontinued. (See also Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders).
Nervous system disorders
Very rare: In patients suffering from renal failure, neurological disorders with convulsions are possible with the I.V. injection of high doses.
Gastrointestinal disorders
*Common: Minor gastrointestinal disturbances.
Very rare: Pseudomembranous colitis.
If pseudomembranous colitis develops, flucloxacillin treatment should be discontinued and appropriate therapy, e.g. oral vancomycin should be initiated.
Hepato-biliary disorders
Very rare: Hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice. (See Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use). Changes in liver function laboratory test results (reversible when treatment is discontinued).
These reactions are related neither to the dose nor to the route of administration. The onset of these effects may be delayed for up to two months post-treatment; in several cases the course of the reactions has been protracted and lasted for some months. Hepatic events may be severe and in very rare circumstances a fatal outcome has been reported. Most reports of deaths have been in patients > 50 years and in patients with serious underlying disease. There is evidence that the risk of flucloxacillin induced liver injury is increased in subjects carrying the HLA-B*5701 allele. Despite this strong association, only 1 in 500-1000 carriers will develop liver injury.
Consequently, the positive predictive value of testing the HLA-B*5701 allele for liver injury is very low (0.12%) and routine screening for this allele is not recommended.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders *Uncommon: Rash, urticaria and purpura.
Very rare: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
(See also Immune system disorders).
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Very rare: Arthralgia and myalgia sometimes develop more than 48 hours after the start of the treatment.
Renal and urinary disorders Very rare: Interstitial nephritis.
This is reversible when treatment is discontinued.
General disorders and administration site conditions
Very rare: Fever sometimes develops more than 48 hours after the start of the treatment.
*The incidence of these AEs was derived from clinical studies involving a total of approximately 929 adult and paediatric patients taking flucloxacillin.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the yellow card scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
4.9 Overdose
Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may be evident and should be treated symptomatically.
Flucloxacillin is not removed from the circulation by haemodialysis.
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
ATC code: J01CF05
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins
Properties: Flucloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic of the group of isoxazolyl penicillins; it is not inactivated by staphylococcal P-lactamases.
Activity: Flucloxacillin, by its action on the synthesis of the bacterial wall, exerts a bactericidal effect on streptococci except those of group D (Enterococcusfaecalis) staphylococci. It is not active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
There is evidence that the risk of flucloxacillin induced liver injury is increased in subjects carrying the HLA-B*5701 allele. Despite this strong association, only 1 in 500-1000 carriers will develop liver injury. Consequently, the positive predictive value of testing the HLA-B*5701 allele for liver injury is very low (0.12%) and routine screening for this allele is not recommended.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption: Flucloxacillin is stable in acid media and can therefore be administered either by the oral or parenteral route. The peak serum levels of flucloxacillin reached after one hour are as follows.
- After 250 mg by the oral route (in fasting subjects): Approximately 8.8 mg/l.
- After 500 mg by the oral route (in fasting subjects): Approximately 14.5 mg/l.
- After 500 mg by the IM route: Approximately 16.5 mg/l.
The total quantity absorbed by the oral route represents approximately 79% of the quantity administered.
Distribution: Flucloxacillin diffuses well into most tissue. Specifically, active concentrations of flucloxacillin have been recovered in bones: 11.6 mg/l (compact bone) and 15.6 mg/l (spongy bone), with a mean serum level of 8.9 mg/l.
Crossing the meningeal barrier: Flucloxacillin diffuses in only small proportion into the cerebrospinal fluid of subjects whose meninges are not inflamed.
Crossing into mother's milk: Flucloxacillin is excreted in small quantities in mother's milk.
Metabolism: In normal subjects approximately 10% of the flucloxacillin administered is metabolised to penicilloic acid. The elimination half-life of flucloxacillin is in the order of 53 minutes.
Excretion: Excretion occurs mainly through the kidney. Between 65.5% (oral route) and 76.1% (parenteral route) of the dose administered is recovered in unaltered active form in the urine within 8 hours. A small portion of the dose administered is excreted in the bile. The excretion of flucloxacillin is slowed in cases of renal failure.
Protein binding: The serum protein-binding rate is 95%.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
There are no preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber, which are additional to those already included in other sections of the SmPC.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
None
6.2 Incompatibilities
It is advisable not to combine flucloxacillin with other drugs in solution for parenteral administration.
Flucloxacillin should not be mixed with blood products or other proteinaceous fluids (e.g. protein hydrolysates) or with intravenous lipid emulsions.
If flucloxacillin is prescribed concurrently with an aminoglycoside, the two antibiotics should not be mixed in the syringe, intravenous fluid container or giving set; precipitation may occur.
6.3
Shelf life
Shelf life: 36 months unopened.
Shelf life after reconstitution:
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C unless reconstitution/ dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 25°C
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear Type III glass vials with chlorobutyl rubber closure, in cartons of 1, 5, 10, 20 or 50 vials.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Flucloxacillin 1g, Powder for Solution for Injection or Infusion has a displacement volume of approximately 0.6 ml when reconstituted as described in section 4.2.
Flucloxacillin Injection may be added to most intravenous fluids (e.g. Water for Injections, sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.18% with glucose 4%).
N.B. FLUCLOXACILLIN VIALS ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR MULTIDOSE USE.
Any residual flucloxacillin should be discarded.
MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
7
Ibigen Sri,
Via Fossignano 2 04011 - Aprilia (LT) Italy
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 31745/0020
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
15/11/2012
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
03/06/2015