Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Fosinopril Sodium 10mg tablets
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains 10mg of Fosinopril sodium For excipients, see 6.1
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Tablet.
White to off-white, circular, flat, uncoated 8mm tablets marked ‘FL 10’.
4.1. Therapeutic indications
Hypertension:
Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets are indicated in the treatment of hypertension. Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets may be used alone as initial therapy or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. The antihypertensive effects of Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets and diuretics used concomitantly are approximately additive.
Heart Failure:
Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets are indicated for the treatment of heart failure in combination with a non-potassium sparing diuretic and where appropriate, digitalis (see section 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, and 5.1). In these patients, Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets improve symptoms and exercise tolerance, reduce severity of heart failure and decrease the frequency of hospitalisation for heart failure.
4.2. Posology and method of administration
Method of administration:
Oral
Posology
Hypertensive patients not being treated with diuretics:
The dose range is 10 to 40mg per day administered in a single dose and without regard to meals. The normal starting dose for patients is 10mg once a day. Dosage may need to be adjusted after approximately 4 weeks according to blood pressure response. No additional blood pressure lowering is achieved with doses greater than 40mg daily. If blood pressure is not adequately controlled with Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets alone, a diuretic can be added.
Hypertensive patients being treated with concomitant diuretic therapy (see sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, and 5.1):
The diuretic should preferably be discontinued for several days prior to beginning therapy with Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets to reduce the risk of an excessive hypotensive response. If blood pressure is inadequately controlled after an observation period of approximately 4 weeks, diuretic therapy may be resumed. Alternatively, if diuretic therapy cannot be discontinued, an initial dose of 10 mg should be used with careful medical supervision for several hours, until blood pressure has stabilised. In diuretic treated hypertensive patients, mean cerebral blood flow is maintained between 4 and 24 hours after fosinopril, despite significant reduction in blood pressure .
Heart Failure:
The recommended initial dose is 10mg once daily, initiated under close medical supervision. If the initial dose is well tolerated patients should then be titrated to a dose of up to 40mg once daily. The appearance of hypotension after the initial dose should not preclude careful dose titration of Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets, following effective management of the hypotension. Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets should be used in addition to diuretics and digitalis where appropriate.
Heart Failure - High Risk Patients:
It is recommended that treatment is initiated in hospital for patients with severe cardiac failure (NYHA IV) and those at particular risk of first dose hypotension, i.e. patients on multiple or high dose diuretics (e.g.> 80mg furosemide), patients with hypovolaemia, hyponatraemia (serum sodium < 130 meq/l), pre-existing hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), patients with unstable cardiac failure and those on high-dose vasodilator therapy.
Children and adolescents
Use in this age group is not recommended. There is limited clinical trial experience of the use of fosinopril in hypertensive children aged 6 years and above (see section 5.1, 5.2 and 4.8). The optimum dosage has not been determined in children of any age. An appropriate dose strength is not available for children weighing less than 50kg.
ELDERLY
No dosage reduction is necessary in patients with clinically normal renal and hepatic function as no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters or antihypertensive effect of fosinoprilat have been found compared with younger subjects.
IMPAIRED HEPATIC FUNCTION
Treatment should be initiated at a dose of 10mg. Although the rate of hydrolysis may be slowed, the extent of hydrolysis is not appreciably reduced in patients with hepatic impairment. In this group of patients, there is evidence of reduced hepatic clearance of fosinoprilat with compensatory increase in renal excretion.
RENAL IMPAIRMENT
Treatment should be initiated at a dose of 10mg. Depending on the response, the dose should then be titrated to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
Absorption, bioavailability, protein binding, biotransformation and metabolism are not appreciably altered by reduced renal function. In patients with impaired renal function, the total body clearance of fosinoprilat is approximately 50% slower than that in patients with normal renal function. However, since hepatobiliary elimination compensates at least partially for diminished renal elimination, the body clearance of fosinoprilat is not appreciably different over a wide range of renal insufficiency (creatinine clearances ranging from <10 to 80 ml/min/1.73m , i.e. including end-stage renal failure).
Neither haemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis is effective in clearing fosinoprilat. Peritoneal clearance is insignificant, ranging from 0.07 to 0.23ml per minute. Similarly haemodialysis for four hours clears only approximately 1.5% of the administered dose. This corresponds to 7% and 2% respectively, of urea clearance. Hence no dose adjustment is necessary to correct for drug loss during these procedures.
NB Fosinopril is NOT licensed for use in acute myocardial infarction.
4.3. Contraindications
• A history of hypersensitivity to fosinopril, other angiotencin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or any of the tablet excipients.
• History of angioneurotic oedema
• Renal artery stenosis (bilateral or unilateral in single kidney), and
• Cardiogenic shock.
• Second and third trimesters of pregnancy (see sections 4.4 and 4.6).
• The concomitant use of fosinopril with aliskiren-containing products is contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (GFR < 60ml/min/1.73m2). (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).
4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use
WARNING
Hypotension: Fosinopril sodium has been rarely associated with hypotension in
uncomplicated hypertensive patients. As with other ACE inhibitors, symptomatic hypotension is most likely to occur in salt/volume depleted patients such as those treated vigorously with diuretics and/or salt restriction, or those patients undergoing renal dialysis. Volume and/or salt depletion should be corrected before initiating therapy with fosinopril. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses which may be given without difficulty after replenishment of salt and/or volume.
In patients with congestive heart failure, with or without associated renal insufficiency, ACE inhibitor therapy may cause excessive hypotension, which may be associated with oliguria or azotemia and, rarely, with acute renal failure and death. In such patients, fosinopril sodium therapy should be started under close medical supervision; they should be followed closely for the first 2 weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of fosinopril or diuretic is increased.
Consideration should be given to reducing the diuretic dose in patients with normal or low blood pressure who have been treated vigorously with diuretics or who are hyponatremic.
Hypotension is not per se a reason to discontinue fosinopril. The magnitude of the decrease is greatest early in the course of treatment; this effect stabilizes within a week or two, and generally returns to pretreatment levels without a decrease in therapeutic efficacy.
Impaired Renal Function: In hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis in one or both kidneys, increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine may occur during treatment with an ACE inhibitor. These increases are usually reversible upon discontinuation of therapy. In such patients, renal function should be monitored during the first few weeks of therapy.
Some hypertensive patients with no apparent pre-existing renal vascular disease develop increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, usually minor or transient, when fosinopril is given concomitantly with a diuretic. This effect is more likely to occur in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. Dosage reduction of fosinopril sodium may be required.
In patients with severe congestive heart failure whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, treatment with an ACE inhibitor may be associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and rarely with acute renal failure and/or death.
Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization: Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with hymenoptera venom while receiving another ACE inhibitor, enalapril, sustained life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions were avoided when the ACE inhibitor was temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge. Therefore, caution should be used in patients treated with ACE inhibitors undergoing such desensitizations procedures.
Anaphylactoid reactions during high-flux dialysis/lipoprotein apheresis membrane exposure: Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients hemodialyzed with highflux dialysis membranes while on therapy with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing low-density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulfate absorption. In these patients, consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of medication.
Head and Neck Angioedema: Angioedema involving the extremities, face, lips, mucous membranes, tongue, glottis or larynx has been seen in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. If such symptoms occur during treatment with Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets, therapy should be discontinued.
Very rarely, fatalities have been reported due to angioedema associated with laryngeal oedema or tongue oedema. Patients with involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, are likely to experience airway obstruction, especially those with a history of airway surgery. In such cases emergency therapy should be administered promptly. This may include the administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) and/or the maintenance of a patent airway. The patient should be under close medical supervision until complete and sustained resolution of symptoms has occurred.
Intestinal Angioedema: Intestinal angioedema has been reported rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of facial angioedema and C -1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan or ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain.
Hepatic failure:
Very rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice or hepatitis and progresses to fulminant necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood.
Patients receiving Fosinopril sodium Tablets who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue Fosinopril sodium Tablets and receive appropriate medical follow-up.
Impaired Hepatic Function:
Patients with impaired liver function could develop elevated plasma levels of fosinopril. In a study in patients with alcoholic or bilary cirrhosis, the apparent total body clearance of fosinoprilat was decreased and the plasma AUC approximately doubled.
Hyperkalemia: Elevations in serum potassium have been observed in some patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including fosinopril. Patients at risk for the development of hyperkalemia include those with renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, and those using concomitant potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, potassium-containing salt substitutes, or other drugs associated with increases in serum potassium (eg, heparin).
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis: ACE inhibitors have been reported rarely to cause reversible agranulocytosis and bone marrow depression; these occur more frequently in patients with renal impairment, especially if they also have a collagen-vascular disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma. Monitoring of white blood cell counts should be considered in such patients.
Surgery/Anaesthesia: ACE inhibitors may augment the hypotensive effects of anaesthetics and analgesics. If hypotension occurs in patients undergoing surgery/anaesthesia and concomitantly receiving ACE inhibitors, it can usually be corrected by intravenous administration of fluid.
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
Geriatric use: Among patients who received fosinopril sodium in clinical studies, overall differences in efficacy or safety were not observed between older patients (65 years or older) and younger patients; however, greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
PRECAUTIONS
Cough: Cough has been reported with the use of ACE inhibitors. Characteristically, the cough is non-productive, persistent and resolves after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of cough.
Diabetic patients: In diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin, glycaemic control should be closely monitored during the first month of treatment with an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.5)
Pre-treatment assessment of renal function: Evaluation of the hypertensive patient should include assessment of renal function prior to initiation of therapy and during treatment where appropriate.
Dialysis: See section 4.2 regarding use of fosinopril in patients receiving haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
Aortic Stenosis, Mitral Stenosis and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: In
severe cases of these conditions where patients have fixed cardiac output, fosinopril may cause a large fall in blood pressure as such patients cannot compensate for the reduction in peripheral resistance with an increase in cardiac output.
Ethnic Factors: ACE inhibitors cause a higher rate of angioedema in black than in non-black patients. When fosinopril is given as a single agent in hypertension, Afro-Caribbean patients may show a reduced therapeutic response.
Pregnancy: ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
This product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp-lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality: When used in pregnancy, ACE inhibitors can cause injury and even death to the developing fetus.
Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
There is evidence that the concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren increases the risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure). Dual blockade of RAAS through the combined use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is therefore not recommended (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).
If dual blockade therapy is considered absolutely necessary, this should only occur under specialist supervision and subject to frequent close monitoring of renal function, electrolytes and blood pressure. ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Antacids: Antacids (ie, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and simethicone) may impair absorption of fosinopril. Administration of Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets and antacids should be separated by at least 2 hours.
NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and more than 3g/day aspirin may interfere with the antihypertensive effect. However, the concomitant use of fosinopril and NSAIDs (including aspirin) is not associated with an increase in clinically significant adverse reactions. As with any ACE inhibitor, in some patients with compromised renal function the co-administration of fosinopril and NSAIDs may result in a further deterioration of renal function.
Lithium: Increased serum lithium levels and risk of lithium toxicity have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors concomitantly with lithium. Fosinopril sodium and lithium should be coadministered with caution, and frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended.
Inhibitors of Endogenous Prostaglandin Synthesis: It has been reported that indomethacin may reduce the antihypertensive effect of other ACE inhibitors, especially in cases of low renin hypertension. Other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (eg, aspirin) may have a similar effect.
Diuretics: Patients on diuretics and especially those in whom diuretic therapy was recently instituted, as well as those on severe dietary salt restrictions or dialysis, may occasionally experience a precipitous reduction of blood pressure usually within the first hour afterreceiving the initial dose of fosinopril sodium.
Other Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Combination with other anti-hypertensive agents such as beta blockers, methyldopa, calcium antagonists, and diuretics may increase the anti-hypertensive effect.
Immunosuppressants: Concomitant use of fosinopril with immunosuppressants (e.g. azathioprine) may increase the risk of leucopenia developing.
Combinations not recommended:
Potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics: Fosinopril can attenuate potassium loss caused by a thiazide diuretic. Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. spironolactone, amiloride or triamterene) or potassium supplements can increase the risk of hyperkalaemia. Therefore, if concomitant use of such agents is indicated, they should be given with caution and the patient’s serum potassium should be monitored frequently.
Clinical trial data has shown that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) through the combined use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is associated with a higher frequency of adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to the use of a single RAAS-acting agent (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1).
Other Drugs:
Antidiabetics
Epidemiological studies have suggested that concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors and antidiabetic medicinal products (insulins, oral hypoglycaemic agents) may cause an increased blood glucose lowering effect with risk of hypoglycaemia. This phenomenon appeared to be more likely to occur during the first weeks of combined treatment and in patients with renal impairment.
In pharmacokinetic studies with nifedipine, propranolol, cimetidine, metoclopramide and propantheline the bioavailability of fosinoprilat was not altered by coadministration of fosinopril with any one of these drugs.
Fosinopril has been used concomitantly with paracetamol, antihistamines, lipid-lowering agents or oestrogen without evidence of clinically important adverse events.
Interference with serological testing: Fosinopril Sodium 10mg Tablets may cause a false low measurement of serum digoxin levels with assays using the charcoal absorption method for digoxin. Other kits which use the antibody coated-tube method may be used. Therapy with fosinopril sodium should be interrupted for a few days before carrying out tests for parathyroid function.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of ACE inhibitors is contraindicated during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
Exposure to ACE inhibitor therapy during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human foetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia). (See section 5.3.) Should exposure to ACE inhibitor have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended. Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
Lactation:
Because only very limited information is available regarding the use of Fosinopril Tablets during breastfeeding, Fosinopril tablets is not recommended and alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Whilst fosinopril is not expected to directly affect performance, it can cause adverse effects such as dizziness, vertigo or hypotension. Patients should make sure they are not affected before driving or operating machinery.
4.8 Undesirable effects
In the patients treated with Fosinopril sodium Tablets, the adverse effects were in general mild and transient.
Very common: >1/10_
Common: >1/100 and <1/10 Uncommon: >1/1000 and <1/100
Rare: >1/10 000 and <1/1000_
Very rare: <1/10000 including isolated cases Not Known: (cannot be estimated from the available data)_
Infections and infestations
Common: Upper respiratory infection, pharyngitis, rhinitis, viral infection Not known: Pneumonia, laryngitis, sinusitis, tracheobronchitis
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Not Known: Eosinophilia, leucopenia, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Not Known: Decreased appetite, appetite disorder, weight fluctuation, gout, hyperkalaemia
Psychiatric disorders
Common: Mood altered, sleep disorder
Not Known: Depression, abnormal behaviour, confusional state
Nervous system disorders
Common: Dizziness, headache, paraesthesia
Uncommon: Syncope
Not Known: Cerebral infarction, transient ischaemic attack, tremor, balance disorder, memory impairment, somnolence, cerebrovascular accident
Eye disorders
Common: Eye disorder, visual disturbances
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Not known: Ear pain, tinnitus, vertigo
Cardiac disorders
Common: Arrhythmia, palpitations, angina pectoris
Not known: Tachycardia, cardio-respiratory arrest, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, conduction disturbances
Vascular disorders
Common: Hypotension, orthostatic hypotension Uncommon: Shock
Not known: Flushing, hypertensive crisis, haemorrhage, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Common: Cough, sinus disorder
Not known: Dyspnoea, bronchospasm, pulmonary congestion, dysphonia, epistaxis, sinusitis, pleuritic pain,
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, dysgeusia
Not known: Pancreatitis, swollen tongue, dysphagia, constipation, dry mouth, flatulence, oral disorder, abdominal distention,
Hepatobiliary disorders Not known: Hepatitis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Common: Rash Uncommon: Angioedema
Not known: Hyperhidrosis, ecchymosis, pruritus, dermatitis, urticaria
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Common: Musuloskeletal pain, myalgia Not known: Muscular weakness, arthritis
Renal and urinary disorders Common: Micturition disorder Not known: Renal failure
Reproductive and breast disorders Common: Sexual dysfunction Not known: Prostatic disorder
General disorders and administration site conditions Common: Fatigue, chest pain , oedema, asthenia Not known: Oedema peripheral, pain pyrexia
Investigations
Not known: Weight increased, liver function test abnormal
In the clinical studies performed with fosinopril, the incidence of adverse effects did not differ between elderly (more than 65 years of age) and younger patients.
Hypotension or syncope was a cause for discontinuation of therapy in 0.3% of patients.
A symptom-complex of cough, bronchospasm, and eosinophilia has been observed in two patients treated with fosinopril
Safety data in the paediatric population receiving fosinopril is still limited, only a short-term exposure has been evaluated. In a randomized clinical trial of 253 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 years, the following adverse events occurred in the 4 week double blind phase: headache (13.9%), hypotension (4.8%), cough (3.6%) and hyperkalaemia (3.6%), elevated serum creatinine levels (9.2%) and elevated serum creatinine kinase levels (2.9%). Different from the adults are this elevated CK reported in this trial (even transient and with no clinical symptoms). The long-term effects of fosinopril on growth, puberty, and general development have not been studied.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme; website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
4.9. Overdose
The symptoms of overdosage may include severe hypotension, electrolyte disturbance and renal failure. After ingestion of an overdose the patient should be kept under very close supervision. Therapeutic measures depend on the nature and severity of the symptoms. Measures to prevent absorption and methods to speed elimination should be employed. If severe hypotension occurs the patient should be placed in the shock position and an intravenous infusion of normal saline given rapidly. Treatment with angiotensin II (if available) may be considered. The use of high-flux polyacrylonitrile dialysis membrane should be avoided. Serum electrolytes and creatinine should be monitored frequently.
Treatment overview:
• A. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
• B. HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid, place in Trendelenburg position. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine) (0.1 to 0.2 mcg/kg/min), titrate to desired response.
• 1. Angiotensin infusion at doses ranging from 8.5 to 18 mcg/minute has been successful in reversing hypotension in patients who did not respond to volume and pressor infusions.
• 2. Naloxone has also been effective in some patients with hypotension.
• C. ANGIOEDEMA - Administer antihistamines and corticosteroids. Monitor airway carefully and administer oxygen.
5.1. Pharmacodynamic properties
ATC Code: CO9A A09 Pharmacotherapeutic group: ACE Inhibitors, plain. Mechanism of action: Fosinopril is the pro-drug (ester) of the long acting active ACE inhibitor fosinoprilat. After oral administration fosinopril is quickly and fully metabolised to the active fosinoprilat. Fosinopril contains a phosphinic group capable of a specific binding to the active site of the angiotensin converting enzyme, preventing the conversion of angiotensin I in angiotensin II. The reduction in angiotensin II leads to a vasoconstriction
reduction and a decrease in aldosterone secretion, which might induce a slight increase in serum potassium and a loss of sodium and fluid.
ACE inhibition also interferes with bradykinin degradation, a potent vasodepressant, contributing to the antihypertensive effect; fosinopril presents a therapeutic action in hypertensive patients with renin low levels.
In patients with cardiac failure, it is assumed that Fosinopril beneficial effects are mainly resultant of a suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ACE inhibition produces a reduction in pre-load and post-load.
The onset of the anti-hypertensive effect is one hour after taking a single dose. The maximum effect is seen after 3-6 hours. With the usual daily dosage the anti-hypertensive effect lasts for 24 hours.
The blood pressure is reduced standing and in decubitus. The orthostatic effects and tachycardia are rare but might occur in patients with salt depletion or in hypovolemia. The blood pressure reduction might be progressive and several can be required to obtain the therapeutic effect.
Fosinopril and thiazide diuretics have additive effects.
In cardiac failure, fosinopril improves the symptoms and the exercise tolerance, reduces the severity of the cardiac failure and the frequency of the hospitalization due to cardiac failure.
Reduction of blood pressure with low (0.1mg/kg), medium (0.3mg/kg) and high (0.6mg/kg) target doses of once-daily fosinopril was evaluated in a randomised double-blind study of 252 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 years of age with hypertension or high-normal blood pressure. At the end of the four weeks of treatment, the mean reduction from baseline in trough systolic blood pressure was similar for children treated with low, medium and high dose fosinopril. No dosage response relationship was demonstrated between the three doses. The optimum dosage has not been determined in children of any age. An appropriate dose strength is not available for children weighting less then 50kg.
Two large randomised, controlled trials (ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and VA NEPHRON-D (The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes)) have examined the use of the combination of an ACE-inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
ONTARGET was a study conducted in patients with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by evidence of end-organ damage. VA NEPHRON-D was a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
These studies have shown no significant beneficial effect on renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, while an increased risk of hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury and/or hypotension as compared to monotherapy was observed. Given their similar pharmacodynamic properties, these results are also relevant for other ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should therefore not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Endpoints) was a study designed to test the benefit of adding aliskiren to a standard therapy of an ACE-inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. The study was terminated early because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Cardiovascular death and stroke were both numerically more frequent in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group and adverse events and serious adverse events of interest (hyperkalaemia, hypotension and renal dysfunction) were more frequently reported in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group.
5.2. Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
After oral administration, the extension of the absorption of fosinopril averages 30% to 40%. The absorption of fosinopril is not affected by the presence of food in gastrointestinal tract, however the speed of the absorption might be reduced. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration is approximately three hours and is independent of administered dose. After multiple or single doses, the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC) are directly proportional to the fosinopril dose that has been taken.
Distribution
Fosinoprilat is protein bound (> 95%), but has a negligible binding to blood cellular components.
Elimination
After intravenous administration, the elimination of fosinopril is by both hepatic and renal routes. In hypertensive patients that receive repeated doses of fosinopril and have normal renal and hepatic functions, the fosinoprilat elimination half-life is 11.5 hours, being of 14 hours in patients with cardiac failure.
Special patient groups
In patients with renal failure (creatinine clearance < 80 ml/min/1,73 m ), the total fosinoprilat body clearance is approximately half of that observed in patients with normal renal function, while no significant changes are seen in the absorption, the bioavailability and the plasma protein binding. The fosinoprilat clearance does not vary according with the degree of renal failure; the reduction in renal elimination is compensated by the increase in hepatobiliary elimination. A slight increase in AUC values (less than the double of normal values) has been observed in patients with several degrees of renal failure, including terminal renal failure (creatinine clearance < 10 ml/min/1.73
m2).
In patients with hepatic failure (alcoholism or biliary cirrhosis), the fosinopril hydrolysis is not significantly reduced, although the rate of the hydrolysis might be reduced; the total fosinoprilat clearance is almost half of the clearance observed in patients with normal hepatic function.
Limited pharmacokinetic data in children and adolescents were provided by a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in 19 hypertensive patients 6 to 16 years of age who received 0.3mg/kg of a solution of fosinopril.
Whether AUC and Cmax values of fosinoprilat (active form of fosinopril) in children from 6 to 16 years of age were comparable to those seen in adults receiving 20mg of fosinopril as a solution, has to be demonstrated.
The terminal elimination half-life for fosinoprilat was 11-13 hours and similar at all stages studied.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Animal studies indicate a toxicity profile which is an extension of the pharmacological effects of fosinopril. It has shown no evidence of carcinogenicity in rodent studies and no potential for mutagenicity in either in vitro or in vivo tests.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Also contains:
Lactose monohydrate Pregelatinised starch Croscarmellose sodium Microcrystalline cellulose Glycerol dibehenate Magnesium stearate
6.2 Incompatibilities
None known.
6.3 Shelf life
18 months.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Aluminium-aluminium blisters
Each carton will contain either 7, 10, 14, 20, 21, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 84, 90, 98, 100* tablets.
*Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
No special requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Actavis UK Limited (Trading style: Actavis) Whiddon Valley BARNSTAPLE N Devon EX32 8NS
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 00142/0582
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
17.01.05
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
09/01/2015