Lemocalm Dry Cough 10mg/5ml Oral Solution
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
LemoCalm® Dry Cough 10mg/5ml oral solution
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each 5 ml contains Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide 10 mg.
Excipients with known effect: Also contains 3.75 mg/ 5 mL of liquid maltitoland 0.165 mL of Naphthol red
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
A limpid red solution for oral administration.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
LemoCalm Dry Cough is indicated as an antitussive, for the relief of persistent, dry irritant coughs.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology:
Adults and children aged 12 years and over:
Take 10 mg-20 mg every 4-6 hours (1-2 spoonful of 5 ml), up to a maximum of 80 mg/day.
Do not exceed the 4 daily intakes.
Pediatric population:
Dextromethorphan is contraindicated in children under the age of 12 years (see section 4.3).
Elderly
As for adults above.
Hepatic impairment
Due to the extensive hepatic metabolism of dextromethorphan, caution should be exercised in the presence of moderate to severe hepatic impairment (see “Pharmacokinetic properties”).
Do not exceed the stated dose.
Keep out of the sight and reach of children.
Method of administration: For oral use
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Dextromethorphan should not be given to patients in, or at risk of developing respiratory failure (for example during an acute asthma attack or in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).
Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days of stopping such treatment (see section 4.5). The concomitant use of a dextromethorphan-containing product and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, can occasionally result in symptoms such as hyperpyrexia, hallucinations, gross excitation or coma.
Patient taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, see section 4.5) or medications for depression, psychiatric, or emotional conditions or parkinson’s disease.
Not to be used in children under 12 years of age.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
This medicine should not be administered to patients with chronic or persistent cough, such as occurs with smoking, asthma, or where cough is accompanied by excessive secretions, unless directed by a physician Causes of chronic cough should be excluded if symptoms are persistent. Any accompanying symptoms should be actively sought and appropriately investigated/ treated. Stop use and ask your healthcare professional if your cough lasts more than 7 days, comes back or is accompanied by a fever, rash or persistent headache. These could be signs of serious conditions.
There have been no specific studies of Dextromethorphan in renal or hepatic dysfunction. Due to the extensive hepatic metabolism of dextromethorphan, caution should be exercised in the presence of hepatic impairment.
Cases of dextromethorphan abuse have been reported. Caution is particularly recommended for adolescents and young adults as well as in patients with a history of drug abuse or psychoactive substances.
Dextromethorphan is metabolised by hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6. The activity of this enzyme is genetically determined. About 10% of the general population are poor metabolisers of CYP2D6. Poor metabolisers and patients with concomitant use of CYP2D6 inhibitors may experience exaggerated and/or prolonged effects of dextromethorphan. Caution should therefore be exercised in patients who are slow metabolizers of CYP2D6 or use CYP2D6 inhibitors (see also section 4.5).
Excipient warnings:
LemoCalm® Dry Cough contains Liquid Maltitol Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.
This product contains Amaranth (E123), which may cause allergic reactions.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The concomitant use of a dextromethorphan-containing product and monoamine oxidase inhibitors can occasionally result in symptoms such as hyperpyrexia, hallucinations, gross excitation or coma.
Do not use if you are now taking a prescription monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), or other medications for depression, psychiatric, or emotional conditions, or Parkinson's disease, or for 2 weeks after stopping the medication. If you are not sure if your prescription medication contains one of these drugs, ask a doctor or pharmacist before taking this product.
Quinidine can increase serum concentrations of dextromethorphan markedly and some patients have experienced symptoms of dextromethorphan toxicity when the two agents have been used together.
Amiodarone appears to be able to increase serum concentrations of dextromethorphan.
Dextromethorphan might exhibit additive CNS depressant effects when coadministered with alcohol, antihistamines, psychotropics and other CNS depressants.
CYP2D6 inhibitors
Dextromethorphan is metabolized by CYP2D6 and has an extensive first-pass metabolism. Concomitant use of potent CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitors can increase the dextromethorphan concentrations in the body to levels multifold higher than normal. This increases the patient's risk for toxic effects of dextromethorphan (agitation, confusion, tremor, insomnia, diarrhoea and respiratory depression) and development of serotonin syndrome. Potent CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitors include fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine and terbinafine. In concomitant use with quinidine, plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan have increased up to 20-fold, which has increased the CNS adverse effects of the agent. Amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone, sertraline, bupropion, methadone, cinacalcet, haloperidol, perphenazine and thioridazine also have similar effects on the metabolism of dextromethorphan. If concomitant use of CYP2D6 inhibitors and dextromethorphan is necessary, the patient should be monitored and the dextromethorphan dose may need to be reduced.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Although dextromethorphan has been in widespread use for many years without apparent ill consequence, there are no specific data on its use during pregnancy. Caution should therefore be exercised by balancing the potential benefit of treatment against any possible hazards. It is not known whether dextromethorphan or its metabolites are excreted in human milk.
Dextromethorphan should therefore only be used when the potential benefit of treatment to the mother exceeds any possible hazards to the developing foetus or suckling infant.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
LemoCalm Dry Cough may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Patients affected should not drive or operate machinery.
LemoCalm Dry Cough can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient’s ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
• The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
• Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
• It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
• However, you would not be committing an offence (called ‘statutory defence’) if:
- The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
- You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
- It was not affecting your ability to drive safely
Details regarding a new driving offence concerning driving after drugs have been taken in the UK may be found here: https://www.gov.uk/drug-driving-law
Undesirable effects
4.8
Side effects attributed to dextromethorphan are uncommon; occasionally dizziness, nausea, vomiting, or gastro-intestinal disturbance may occur.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms:
These include nausea and vomiting, CNS depression, dizziness, dysarthria (slurred speech), myoclonus, nystagmus, somnolence (drowsiness), excitation, mental confusion, psychotic disorder (psychosis), tremor, lethargy, ataxia, hyperactivity and respiratory depression.
Management:
Treatment of overdose should be symptomatic and supportive. Gastric lavage may be of use. Naloxone has been used successfully as a specific antagonist to dextromethorphan toxicity in children.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Cough suppressant, Opium alkaloids and derivatives
ATC code: R05DA09
Dextromethorphan is the dextrorotatory isomer of 3-methoxy-N-methyl-morphinan. It is a synthetic morphine derivative that, in contrast to its levorotatory isomer, has no significant analgesic, respiratory depressant or physical dependency properties at recommended doses.
Dextromethorphan is a non-opioid antitussive drug. It exerts its antitussive activity by acting on the cough centre in the medulla oblongata, raising the threshold for the cough reflex. The onset of antitussive effects are realised within 15 to 30 minutes of oral administration, lasting for approximately 3 to 6 hours.
The major metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, binds with high affinity to o-receptors to produce its antitussive activity without exhibiting the classic opiate effects that occur from binding into p- and 8-receptors. Dextrorphan also exhibits binding activity at serotonergic receptors and was shown to enhance serotonin activity by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. In larger than therapeutic doses, dextrorphan is also an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption
Dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma concentrations reached in approximately 2 to 2.5 hours. The low plasma levels of dextromethorphan suggest low oral bioavailability secondary to extensive first-pass (pre-systemic metabolism) in the liver. The maximum clinical effects occur 5 to 6 hours after ingestion of dextromethorphan.
Distribution
Dextromethorphan is widely distributed in the human body.
Dextromethorphan and its active metabolite, dextrorphan, are actively taken up and concentrated in brain tissue. It is not known if dextromethorphan or dextrorphan are excreted in breast milk or cross the placenta.
Biotransformation
Dextromethorphan undergoes rapid and extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver after oral administration. Genetically controlled O-demethylation (CYD2D6) is the main determinant of dextromethorphan pharmacokinetics in human volunteers.
It appears that there are distinct phenotypes for this oxidation process resulting in highly variable pharmacokinetics between subjects. Unmetabolised dextromethorphan, together with the three demethylated morphinan metabolites dextrorphan (also known as 3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan), 3-hydroxymorphinan and 3-methoxymorphinan have been identified as conjugated products in the urine.
Dextrorphan, which also has antitussive action, is the main metabolite. In some individuals metabolism proceeds more slowly and unchanged dextromethorphan predominates in the blood and urine.
As the hepatic metabolism of dextromethorphan is genetically determined, individuals vary in their ability to metabolise dextromethorphan and have been classified as either poor or extensive metabolisers. Dextromethorphan undergoes O-demethylation via CYP2D6 to dextrorphan; N-demethylation to 3-methoxymorphinan via CYP3A4/3A5; which is further metabolised to 3-hydroxy-morphinan via CYP2D6.
Elimination
Dextromethorphan is primarily excreted via the kidney as unchanged parent drug and its active metabolite, dextrorphan. Dextrorphan and 3-hydroxy-morphinan are further metabolised by glucuronidation and are eliminated via the kidneys.
The elimination half-life of the parent compound is between 1.4 to 3.9 hours; dextrorphan is between 3.4 to 5.6 hours. The half-life of dextromethorphan in poor metabolisers is extremely prolonged, in the range of 45 hours.
5.3 Preclinical safety data General toxicology
Acute oral toxicity studies conducted with Dextromethorphan report the following LD50 values (mg/kg): mouse, 210 and rat, 116. Acute subcutaneous toxicity with Dextromethorphan reports the LD50 value (mg/kg): mouse, 112. Acute intravenous toxicity with Dextromethorphan reports the LD50 value (mg/kg): rat, 16.3.
Repeat dose toxicity studies conducted in rats for 13 weeks duration at doses up to 100 mg/kg and 27 weeks at 10 mg/kg, and of 14 weeks in dogs by oral gavage at doses up to 4 mg/kg on five days per week. The only effect recorded was of reduced body weight gain in the rat 13-week study at the highest dose.
Genetic Toxicology
Dextromethorphan hydrobromide was negative in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test). Dextromethorphan 39 mg/kg is reported to be negative in in-vivo mouse micronucleus test and comet assay. Dextromethorphan was reported to be negative in in vitro chromosome aberration assay tested up to 200 pg/ml.
Carcinogenicity
There are no known reports of animal carcinogenicity studies for Dextromethorphan. The overall weight of evidence for Dextromethorphan and its structural analogues, support the conclusion that this class of phenanthrene-based chemicals, and Dextromethorphan, in particular, are not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo
Teratogenicity
There was no association between dextromethorphan and malformations. Fertility
Mating, gestation, fertility, littering and lactation were studied in rats at doses up to 50 mg/kg and no adverse effects were found.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium Benzoate Anhydrous citric acid Liquid maltitol Saccharin sodium
Propylene glycol
Strawberry flavour (containing propylene glycol and alpha-tocopherol) Contramarum flavouring (containing propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol) Naphthol red
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3 Shelf life
36 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C.
Store in the original container. Keep the container tightly closed.
Keep out of the sight and reach of children.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
LemoCalm® Dry Cough is packed into amber coloured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle, closed by a child-resistant high density polyethylene (HDPE) white coloured closure along with 1.25, 2.5 and 5 ml polypropylene doubled spoon with EC mark.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
None
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
BRISTOL LABORATORIES LIMITED Unit 3, Canalside, Northbridge Road Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire,
HP4 1EG United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 17907/0314
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
26/01/2012
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
26/08/2016