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1. Oramorph Concentrated Oral Solution 20mg/Ml
2. Oramorph Concentrated Oral Solution 20mg/Ml

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1    NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Oramorph Concentrated Oral Solution 20 mg/ml.

2    QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE    COMPOSITION

Each ml of Oramorph Concentrated Oral Solution contains 20 mg morphine sulfate Excipient(s) with known effect: Amaranth (E123) 0.03 mg per 1 ml.

For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3    PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Oral solution.

A clear, red coloured liquid.

4    CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1    Therapeutic indications

For the relief of severe pain in adults, adolescents (aged 13-18 years) and children (aged 1-12 years).

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology

Adults: Recommended dose 10-20 mg (0.5 - 1.0 ml) every 4 hours.

Maximum daily dose: 120 mg per day.

Paediatric population:

Children 13-18 years:    Recommended dose 5-20 mg (0.25 - 1.0 ml) every 4 hours

Maximum daily dose: 120 mg per day

Children 6-12 years:    Recommended dose 5-10 mg (0.25-0.5 ml) every 4 hours

Maximum daily dose: 60 mg per day

Children 1-5 years:    Recommended dose 5 mg (0.25 ml) every 4 hours.

Maximum daily dose: 30 mg per day

Dosage can be increased under medical supervision according to the severity of the pain and the patient's previous history of analgesic requirements.

Special populations:

Reductions in dosage may be appropriate in the elderly and in patients with chronic hepatic disease (for acute hepatic disease see section 4.3), renal impairment, severe hypothyroidism, adrenocortical insufficiency, prostatic hypertrophy, shock or where sedation is undesirable.

Method of Administration For oral use

A calibrated oral dosing pipette is supplied with this dosage form for accurate and convenient dose adjustment. The required dose may be added to a soft drink immediately prior to administration.

When patients are transferred from other morphine preparations to Oramorph Oral preparations dosage titration may be appropriate.

Morphine sulfate is readily absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract following oral administration. However, when oral Oramorph preparations are used in place of parenteral morphine, a 50 % to 100 % increase in dosage is usually required in order to achieve the same level of analgesia.

4.3 Contraindications

Oramorph is contraindicated in:

•    patients known to be hypersensitive to morphine sulfate or to any other component of the product

•    respiratory depression

•    obstructive airways disease

•    paralytic ileus (see section 4.4)

•    acute hepatic disease

•    acute alcoholism

•    head injuries (see section 4.4)

•    coma (see section 4.4)

•    increased intracranial pressure (see section 4.4)

•    convulsive disorders

•    patients with known morphine sensitivity

•    concurrent administration with monoamine oxidase inhibitors or within two weeks of discontinuation of their use (see section 4.5)

•    patients with phaeochromocytoma. Morphine and some other opioids can induce the release of endogenous histamine and thereby stimulate catecholamine release

•    acute asthma exacerbations (see section 4.4 for information relating to use in controlled asthma)

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Care should be exercised if morphine sulfate is given

•    in the first 24 hours post-operatively,

•    in hypothyroidism (see section 4.2),

•    and where there is reduced respiratory function, such as kyphoscoliosis, emphysema, cor pulmonale and severe obesity.

Asthma

It has been suggested that opioids can be used with caution in controlled asthma. However, opioids are contraindicated in acute asthma exacerbations (see section 4.3).

Head injury and increased intracranial pressure

Oramorph is contraindicated in patients with increased intracranial pressure, head injuries and coma (see section 4.3). The capacity of morphine to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be greatly increased in the presence of already elevated intracranial pressure produced by trauma. Also, morphine may produce confusion, miosis, vomiting and other adverse reactions which may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injury.

Abdominal conditions

Morphine sulfate must not be given if paralytic ileus is likely to occur (see section 4.3), or if the patient has bowel or obstructive biliary disease. Should paralytic ileus be suspected or occur during use, Oramorph should be discontinued immediately.

Caution should be exercised where there is an obstructive bowel disorder, biliary colic, operations on the biliary tract, acute pancreatitis or prostatic hyperplasia.

If constipation occurs this may be treated with the appropriate laxatives.

Care should be exercised in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Morphine may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions and complications following abdominal surgery.

Hypotensive effect

The administration of morphine may result in severe hypotension in individuals whose ability to maintain homeostatic blood pressure has already been compromised by depleted blood volume or the concurrent administration of drugs such as phenothiazine or certain anaesthetics (see section 4.5).

Drug dependence and abuse

Tolerance and dependence may occur. Withdrawal symptoms may occur on abrupt discontinuation or on the administration of a narcotic antagonist e.g. naloxone.

Morphine sulfate is an opioid agonist and controlled drug. Such drugs are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders. Morphine sulfate can be abused in a manner similar to other opioid agonists, legal or illicit. This should be considered when prescribing or dispensing morphine in situations where the physician or pharmacist is concerned about an increased risk of misuse, abuse or diversion. Morphine should be used with particular care in patients with a history of alcohol and drug abuse.

Morphine sulfate may be abused by inhaling or injecting the product. These practices pose a significant risk to the abuser that could result in overdose and death.

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions have both occurred with the use of Oramorph. Care should be taken to elicit any history of allergic reactions to opiates. Oramorph is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to morphine sulfate (see section 4.3).

Risk in special populations

Morphine is metabolised by the liver and should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease as oral bioavailability may be increased. It is wise to reduce dosage in chronic hepatic and renal disease, severe hypothyroidism, adrenocortical insufficiency, prostatic hypertrophy or shock (see section 4.2).

The active metabolite Morphine-6-glucuronide may accumulate in patients with renal failure, leading to CNS and respiratory depression.

Excipient related warnings

Oramorph Concentrated Oral Solution contains the excipient Amaranth (E123), which may cause allergic reactions.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are known to interact with narcotic analgesics producing CNS excitation or depression with hyper- or hypotensive crisis, therefore their concomitant use with Oramorph is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Gabapentin

Interactions have been reported in those taking morphine and gabapentin. Reported interactions suggest an increase in opioid adverse events when coprescribed, the mechanism of which is not known. Caution should be taken where these medicines are co-prescribed.

In a study involving healthy volunteers (N=12), when a 60 mg controlled-release morphine capsule was administered 2 hours prior to a 600 mg gabapentin capsule, mean gabapentin AUC increased by 44% compared to gabapentin administered without morphine. Therefore, patients should be carefully observed for signs of CNS depression, such as somnolence, and the dose of gabapentin or morphine should be reduced appropriately.

Ritonavir

Although there are no pharmacokinetic data available for concomitant use of ritonavir with morphine, ritonavir may increase the activity of glucuronyl transferases. Consequently, co-administration of ritonavir and morphine may result in decreased serum concentrations of morphine with possible loss of analgesic effectiveness.

Rifampicin

Rifampicin can reduce the serum concentration of morphine and decrease its analgesic effect, the mechanism of which is not known.

Cimetidine

Cimetidine inhibits the metabolism of morphine.

CNS depressants

It should be noted that morphine potentiates the effects of CNS depressants such as tranquillisers, anaesthetics (see section 4.4), hypnotics, sedatives, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants and alcohol.

Esmolol

Morphine may increase plasma concentrations of esmolol.

Domperidone/metoclopramide

Opioid analgesics including morphine may antagonise the actions of domperidone and metoclopramide on gastro-intestinal activity.

Mexiletine

The absorption of mexiletine may be delayed by concurrent use of morphine. Phenothiazine antiemetics

Phenothiazine antiemetics may be given with morphine. However, hypotensive effects have to be considered (see section 4.4).

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Although morphine sulfate has been in general use for many years, there is inadequate evidence of safety in human pregnancy.

Morphine is known to cross the placenta. Therefore, Oramorph should not be used in pregnancy, especially the first trimester unless the expected benefit is thought to outweigh any possible risk to the foetus.

Infants born from mothers who have been taking morphine on a chronic basis may exhibit withdrawal symptoms. This should be borne in mind when considering the use of Oramorph in patients during pregnancy.

The risk of gastric stasis and inhalation pneumonia is increased in the mother during labour. Since morphine rapidly crosses the placental barrier it should not be used during the second stage of labour or in premature delivery because of the risk of secondary respiratory depression in the newborn infant.

Breast-feeding

Although morphine sulfate has been in general use for many years, there is inadequate evidence of safety during lactation.

Morphine is not recommended for nursing mothers. Morphine is excreted in breast milk, and may thus cause respiratory depression in the newborn infant.

Fertility

Long term use of opioid analgesics can cause hypogonadism and adrenal insufficiency in both men and women. This is thought to be dose related and can lead to amenorrhoea, reduced libido, infertility and erectile dysfunction.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Morphine sulfate is likely to impair ability to drive or use machinery. This effect is even more enhanced, when used in combination with alcohol or CNS depressants.

Patients should be warned not to drive or operate dangerous machinery after taking Oramorph.

This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient’s ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:

•    The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive

•    Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you

•    It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine

• However, you would not be committing an offence (called ‘statutory defence’) if: o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely

4.8 Undesirable effects

In normal doses, the commonest side effects of morphine sulfate are nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness and confusion. If constipation occurs, this may be treated with appropriate laxatives. The effects of morphine have led to its abuse and misuse. Dependence and addiction may develop with regular, inappropriate use.

Data from clinical trials are not available. Therefore it is not possible to provide information on the frequencies of undesirable effects. A full list of currently known adverse reactions is presented below:

SOC Category	Side effect
Immune system disorders	Hypersensitivity Anaphylactic reaction (see section 4.4)
Psychiatric disorders	Confusional state Restlessness Altered mood Hallucination Dependence (see section 4.4)
Nervous system disorders	Somnolence Headache Increased intracranial pressure (see section 4.4)
Eye Disorders	Miosis
Ear and labyrinth disorders	Vertigo
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	Respiratory depression (see section 4.4 and section 4.6)
Cardiac disorders	Bradycardia Tachycardia Palpitations
Vascular disorders	Hypotension Flushing
Gastrointestinal disorders	Nausea Vomiting Constipation (see section 4.4) Dry mouth
General disorders and administration site conditions	Hypothermia Drug tolerance (see section 4.4) Drug withdrawal syndrome (see section 4.4 and section 4.6)
Hepatobiliary Disorders	Biliary colic
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Urticaria Pruritus Hyperhidrosis
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Muscle rigidity
Renal and urinary disorders	Dysuria Ureteral spasm Oliguria
Reproductive system and breast disorders	Decreased libido Erectile dysfunction

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reaction after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit / risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard

4.9 Overdose

Symptoms

Signs of morphine toxicity and overdosage are likely to consist of pin-point pupils, respiratory depression and hypotension. Circulatory failure and deepening coma may occur in more severe cases. Convulsions may occur in infants and children. Death may occur from respiratory failure.

Treatment

Adults: Administer 0.4-2 mg of naloxone intravenously. Repeat at 2-3 minute intervals as necessary to a maximum of 10 mg, or by 2 mg in 500 ml of normal saline or 5 % dextrose (4 micrograms/ml). Children: 5-10 micrograms per kilogram body weight intravenously. If this does not result in the desired degree of clinical improvement, a subsequent dose of 100 mcg/kg body weight may be administered.

Care should always be taken to ensure that the airway is maintained. Assist respiration if necessary. Maintain fluid and electrolyte levels. Oxygen, i.v. fluids, vasopressors and other supportive measures should be employed as indicated. Peak plasma concentrations of morphine are expected to occur within 15 minutes of oral ingestion. Therefore gastric lavage and activated charcoal are unlikely to be beneficial.

Caution: the duration of the effect of naloxone (2-3 hours) may be shorter than the duration of the effect of the morphine overdose. It is recommended that a patient who has regained consciousness after naloxone treatment should be observed for at least 6 hours after the last dose of naloxone.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Natural opium alkaloids. ATC code: NO2AA01

Morphine binds to specific receptors which are located at various levels of the central nervous system and also in various peripheral organs. The pain sensation and the affective reaction to pain is relieved by interaction with the receptors in the central nervous system.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

Morphine is modestly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. Following oral administration of radiolabelled morphine to humans, peak plasma levels were reached after approximately 15 minutes. Morphine undergoes significant first pass metabolism in the liver resulting in a systemic bioavailability of approximately 25%.

Distribution

Approximately one third of morphine in the plasma is protein bound after a therapeutic dose.

Biotransformation

Metabolism of morphine principally involves conjugation to morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides. Small amounts are also metabolised by N-demethylation and N-dealkylation. Morphine-6-glucuronide has pharmacological effects indistinguishable from those of morphine. The half-life of morphine is approximately 2 hours. The t1/2 of morphine-6-glucuronide is somewhat longer.

Elimination

A small amount of a dose of morphine is excreted through the bowel into the faeces. The remainder is excreted in the urine, mainly in the form of conjugates. Approximately 90 % of a single dose of morphine is excreted in the first 24 hours. Enterohepatic circulation of morphine and its metabolites can occur, and may result in small quantities of morphine to be present in the urine or faeces for several days after the last dose.

5.3. Preclinical safety data

Not applicable.

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1. List of excipients

Disodium Edetate Sodium Benzoate (E211)

Citric Acid anhydrous Amaranth (E213)

Purified Water

6.2. Incompatibilities

None stated.

6.3 Shelf life

The shelf-life expiry date for this product shall not exceed three years from the date of its manufacture for unopened product. The product will be stored according to the provisions specified by the Home Office.

10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

18/11/2016