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1. Oxycontin 80 Mg Prolonged-Release Tablets
2. Oxycontin 80 Mg Prolonged Release Tablets

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1    NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

OxyContin 80 mg prolonged release tablets

2    QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each tablet contains 72.0 mg of oxycodone as 80 mg of oxycodone hydrochloride. For excipients see Section 6.1

3    PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Prolonged release tablet.

Green, round, convex tablets marked OC on one side and 80 on the other.

4    CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1    Therapeutic indications

For the treatment of moderate to severe pain in patients with cancer and postoperative pain. For the treatment of severe pain requiring the use of a strong opioid.

4.2    Posology and method of administration

OxyContin tablets must be swallowed whole, and not broken, chewed or crushed.

Elderly and adults over 18 years:

OxyContin tablets should be taken at 12-hourly intervals. The dosage is dependent on the severity of the pain, and the patient’s previous history of analgesic requirements.

OxyContin is not intended for use as a prn analgesic.

Increasing severity of pain will require an increased dosage of OxyContin tablets, using the 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg or 80 mg tablet strengths, either alone or in combination, to achieve pain relief. The correct dosage for any individual patient is that which controls the pain and is well tolerated for a full 12 hours. Patients should be titrated to pain relief unless unmanageable adverse drug reactions prevent this. If higher doses are necessary, increases should be made where possible, in 25% - 50% increments. The need for escape medication more than twice a day indicates that the dosage of OxyContin tablets should be increased.

The usual starting dose for opioid naive patients or patients presenting with severe pain uncontrolled by weaker opioids is 10 mg, 12-hourly. Some patients may benefit from a starting dose of 5 mg to minimise the incidence of side effects. The dose should then be carefully titrated, as frequently as once a day if necessary, to achieve pain relief. For the majority of patients, the maximum dose is 200 mg 12-hourly.

However, a few patients may require higher doses. Doses in excess of 1000 mg daily have been recorded.

Patients receiving oral morphine before OxyContin therapy should have their daily dose based on the following ratio: 10 mg of oral oxycodone is equivalent to 20 mg of oral morphine. It must be emphasised that this is a guide to the dose of OxyContin tablets required. Inter-patient variability requires that each patient is carefully titrated to the appropriate dose.

Controlled pharmacokinetic studies in elderly patients (aged over 65 years) have shown that, compared with younger adults, the clearance of oxycodone is only slightly reduced. No untoward adverse drug reactions were seen based on age, therefore adult doses and dosage intervals are appropriate.

Children under 18 years:

OxyContin should not be used in patients under 18 years of age.

Adults with mild to moderate renal impairment and mild hepatic impairment:

The plasma concentration in this population may be increased. Therefore dose initiation should follow a conservative approach. Patients should be started on OxyContin tablets 5 mg 12-hourly or OxyNorm liquid 2.5 mg 6-hourly and titrated to pain relief as described above.

Use in non-malignant pain:

Opioids are not first-line therapy for chronic non-malignant pain, nor are they recommended as the only treatment. Types of chronic pain which have been shown to be alleviated by strong opioids include chronic osteoarthritic pain and intervertebral disc disease. The need for continued treatment in non-malignant pain should be assessed at regular intervals.

Cessation of Therapy:

When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to any of the constituents, respiratory depression, head injury, paralytic ileus, acute abdomen, delayed gastric emptying, chronic obstructive airways disease, cor pulmonale, severe bronchial asthma, hypercarbia, known oxycodone sensitivity or in any situation where opioids are contraindicated, moderate to severe hepatic impairment, severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <10ml/min), chronic constipation, concurrent administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors or within 2 weeks of discontinuation of their use. Not recommended for pre-operative use or for the first 24 hours post-operatively. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine. Pregnancy.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

The major risk of opioid excess is respiratory depression. As with all narcotics, a reduction in dosage may be advisable in hypothyroidism. Use with caution in patients with raised intracranial pressure, hypotension, hypovolaemia, toxic psychosis, diseases of the biliary tract, inflammatory bowel disorders, prostatic hypertrophy, adrenocortical insufficiency, alcoholism, delirium tremens, pancreatitis, chronic renal and hepatic disease, or severe pulmonary disease, and debilitated elderly and infirm patients. OxyContin tablets should not be used where there is a possibility of paralytic ileus occurring. Should paralytic ileus be suspected or occur during use, OxyContin tablets should be discontinued immediately. As with all opioid preparations, patients who are about to undergo additional pain relieving procedures (e.g. surgery, plexus blockade) should not receive OxyContin tablets for 12 hours

prior to the intervention. If further treatment with OxyContin tablets is indicated then the dosage should be adjusted to the new post-operative requirement.

OxyContin 80 mg may cause fatal respiratory depression when administered to opioid naive patients.

As with all opioid preparations, OxyContin tablets should be used with caution following abdominal surgery, as opioids are known to impair intestinal motility, and should not be used until the physician is assured of normal bowel function.

For appropriate patients who suffer with chronic non-malignant pain, opioids should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment programme involving other medications and treatment modalities. A crucial part of the assessment of a patient with chronic non-malignant pain is the patient’s addiction and substance abuse history. There is potential for development of psychological dependence (addiction) to opioid analgesics, including oxycodone. OxyContin tablets, like all opioids, should be avoided in patients with a history of, or present alcohol and drug abuse.

If opioid treatment is considered appropriate for the patient, then the main aim of treatment is not to minimise the dose of opioid but rather to achieve a dose which provides adequate pain relief with a minimum of side effects. There must be frequent contact between physician and patient so that dosage adjustments can be made. It is strongly recommended that the physician defines treatment outcomes in accordance with pain management guidelines. The physician and patient can then agree to discontinue treatment if these objectives are not met.

OxyContin has an abuse profile similar to other strong opioids. Oxycodone may be sought and abused by people with latent or manifest addiction disorders.

As with other opioids, infants who are born to dependent mothers may exhibit withdrawal symptoms and may have respiratory depression at birth.

OxyContin tablets must be swallowed whole, and not broken, chewed or crushed. The administration of broken, chewed, or crushed OxyContin tablets leads to a rapid release and absorption of a potentially fatal dose of oxycodone (see Section 4.9).

Concomitant use of alcohol and OxyContin may increase the undesirable effects of OxyContin; concomitant use should be avoided.

Abuse of the tablets by parenteral administration can be expected to result in other serious adverse events, such as local tissue necrosis, infection, pulmonary granulomas, increased risk of endocarditis, and valvular heart injury, which may be fatal.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

OxyContin, like other opioids, potentiates the effects of tranquillisers, anaesthetics, hypnotics, anti-depressants, sedatives, phenothiazines, neuroleptic drugs, other opioids, muscle relaxants and antihypertensives. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are known to interact with narcotic analgesics, producing CNS excitation or depression with hypertensive or hypotensive crisis.

Alcohol may enhance the pharmacodynamic effects of OxyContin; concomitant use should be avoided.

Concurrent administration of quinidine, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450-2D6, resulted in an increase in oxycodone C_max by 11%, AUC by 13%, and t/₂ elim. by 14%. Also an increase in noroxycodone level was observed, (C_max by 50%; AUC by 85%, and t_/ elim. by 42%). The pharmacodynamic effects of oxycodone were not altered. This interaction may be observed for other potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme. Cimetidine and inhibitors of cytochrome P450-3A such as ketoconazole, voriconazole and erythromycin may inhibit the metabolism of oxycodone.

4.6 Pregnancy and lactation

OxyContin tablets are not recommended for use in pregnancy nor during labour. Infants born to mothers who have received opioids during pregnancy should be monitored for respiratory depression.

Oxycodone may be secreted in breast milk and may cause respiratory depression in the newborn. OxyContin tablets should, therefore, not be used in breast-feeding mothers.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Oxycodone may modify patients’ reactions to a varying extent depending on the dosage and individual susceptibility. Therefore, patients should not drive or operate machinery if affected.

This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient’s ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:

•    The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive.

•    Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you.

•    It is an offence to drive while you have this medicine in your body over a specified limit unless you have a defence (called the ‘statutory defence’).

•    This defence applies when:

o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem; and

o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine.

• Please note that it is still an offence to drive if you are unfit because of the medicine (i.e. your ability to drive is being affected).”

Details regarding a new driving offence concerning driving after drugs have been taken in the UK may be found here: https://www.gov.uk/drug-driving-law

4.8 Undesirable effects

Adverse drug reactions are typical of full opioid agonists. Tolerance and dependence may occur (see Tolerance and Dependence, below). Constipation may be prevented with an appropriate laxative. If nausea and vomiting are troublesome, oxycodone may be combined with an anti-emetic.

Common (incidence of >1%) and uncommon (incidence of <1%) adverse drug reactions are listed in the table below.

Body System	Common	Uncommon
Immune system disorders		Anaphylactic reaction Anaphylactoid reaction Hypersensitivity
Metabolism and nutritional disorders	Anorexia	Dehydration
Psychiatric disorders	Anxiety	Affect lability
	Confusional state	Agitation
	Insomnia	Depression
	Nervousness	Drug dependence
	Thinking abnormal	Euphoria
	Abnormal dreams	Hallucinations Libido decreased Disorientation Mood altered Restlessness Dysphoria
Nervous system disorders	Headache	Amnesia
	Dizziness	Hypertonia
	Sedation	Tremor
	Somnolence	Hypoaesthesia Hypotonia Paraesthesia Speech disorder Convulsions Muscle contractions involuntary Taste perversion Syncope
Eye disorders		Miosis Vision abnormal

Body System	Common	Uncommon
Ear and labyrinth disorders		Vertigo
Cardiac disorders		Supraventricular tachycardia
Vascular disorders		Hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Vasodilatation Facial flushing
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	Bronchospasm Dyspnoea Cough decreased	Respiratory depression Hiccups
Gastrointestinal disorders	Constipation Nausea Vomiting Dry mouth Dyspepsia Abdominal pain Diarrhoea	Dental caries Dysphagia Eructation Flatulence Gastrointestinal disorders Ileus Gastritis
Hepato-biliary disorders		Biliary colic Cholestasis Increased hepatic enzymes
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Hyperhidrosis Pruritus Rash	Dry skin Exfoliative dermatitis Urticaria
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders		Muscular rigidity
Renal and urinary disorders		Urinary retention Ureteral spasm
Reproductive system and breast disorders		Amenorrhoea Erectile dysfunction
General disorders and administration site conditions	Asthenic conditions Chills	Drug tolerance Oedema Oedema peripheral Malaise Thirst Pyrexia Drug withdrawal syndrome

Tolerance and Dependence:

The patient may develop tolerance to the drug with chronic use and require progressively higher doses to maintain pain control. Prolonged use of OxyContin tablets may lead to physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome may occur upon

abrupt cessation of therapy. When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal. The opioid abstinence or withdrawal syndrome is characterised by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, mydriasis and palpitations. Other symptoms also may develop, including: irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate or heart rate.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

4.9 Overdose

Signs of oxycodone toxicity and overdosage are pin-point pupils, respiratory depression, hypotension and hallucinations. Circulatory failure and somnolence progressing to stupor or deepening coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, bradycardia and death may occur in more severe cases.

The effects of overdosage will be potentiated by the simultaneous ingestion of alcohol or other psychotropic drugs.

Treatment of oxycodone overdosage: primary attention should be given to the establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation.

In the case of massive overdosage, administer naloxone intravenously (0.4 to 2 mg for an adult and 0.01 mg/kg body weight for children) if the patient is in a coma or respiratory depression is present. Repeat the dose at 2 minute intervals if there is no response. If repeated doses are required an infusion of 60% of the initial dose per hour is a useful starting point. A solution of 10 mg made up in 50 ml dextrose will produce 200 micrograms/ml for infusion using an IV pump (dose adjusted to the clinical response). Infusions are not a substitute for frequent review of the patient’s clinical state. Intramuscular naloxone is an alternative in the event that IV access is not possible. As the duration of action of naloxone is relatively short, the patient must be carefully monitored until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist and large doses (4 mg) may be required in seriously poisoned patients.

For less severe overdosage, administer naloxone 0.2 mg intravenously followed by increments of 0.1 mg every 2 minutes if required.

The patient should be observed for at least 6 hours after the last dose of naloxone.

Naloxone should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to oxycodone overdosage. Naloxone should be administered cautiously to persons who are known, or suspected, to be physically dependent on oxycodone. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate pain and an acute withdrawal syndrome.

Additional/other considerations:

•    Consider activated charcoal (50 g for adults, 10-15 g for children), if a substantial amount has been ingested within 1 hour, provided the airway can be protected. It may be reasonable to assume that late administration of activated charcoal may be beneficial for prolonged release preparations; however, there is no evidence to support this.

•    OxyContin tablets will continue to release and add to the oxycodone load for up to 12 hours after administration and the management of oxycodone overdosage should be modified accordingly. Gastric contents may therefore need to be emptied as this can be useful in removing unabsorbed drug, particularly when a prolonged release formulation has been taken.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1    Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Natural opium alkaloids ATC code: N02A A05

Oxycodone is a full opioid agonist with no antagonist properties. It has an affinity for kappa, mu and delta opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Oxycodone is similar to morphine in its action. The therapeutic effect is mainly analgesic, anxiolytic, antitussive and sedative.

Endocrine system

Opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or - gonadal axes. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin, and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical symptoms may be manifest from these hormonal changes.

Other pharmacological effects

In- vitro and animal studies indicate various effects of natural opioids, such as morphine, on components of the immune system; the clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Whether oxycodone, a semisynthetic opioid, has immunological effects similar to morphine is unknown.

Clinical studies

The efficacy of OxyContin tablets has been demonstrated in cancer pain, postoperative pain and severe non-malignant pain such as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, low back pain and osteoarthritis. In the latter indication, treatment was continued for up to 18 months and proved effective in many patients for whom NSAIDs alone provided inadequate relief. The efficacy of OxyContin tablets in neuropathic pain was confirmed by three placebo-controlled studies.

In patients with chronic non-malignant pain, maintenance of analgesia with stable dosing was demonstrated for up to three years.

5.2    Pharmacokinetic properties

Compared with morphine, which has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 30%, oxycodone has a high absolute bioavailability of up to 87% following oral administration. Oxycodone has an elimination half-life of approximately 3 hours and is metabolised principally to noroxycodone and oxymorphone. Oxymorphone has some analgesic activity but is present in the plasma in low concentrations and is not considered to contribute to oxycodone’s pharmacological effect.

The release of oxycodone from OxyContin tablets is biphasic with an initial relatively fast release providing an early onset of analgesia followed by a more controlled release which determines the 12 hour duration of action. The mean apparent elimination half-life of OxyContin is 4.5 hours which leads to steady-state being achieved in about one day.

Release of oxycodone from OxyContin tablets is independent of pH.

OxyContin tablets have an oral bioavailability comparable with conventional oral oxycodone, but the former achieve maximal plasma concentrations at about 3 hours rather than about 1 to 1.5 hours. Peak and trough concentrations of oxycodone from OxyContin tablets 10 mg administered 12-hourly are equivalent to those achieved from conventional oxycodone 5 mg administered 6-hourly.

OxyContin tablets 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg are bioequivalent in terms of both rate and extent of absorption. Ingestion of a standard high-fat meal does not alter the peak oxycodone concentration or the extent of oxycodone absorption from OxyContin tablets.

Elderly

The AUC in elderly subjects is 15% greater when compared with young subjects.

Gender

Female subjects have, on average, plasma oxycodone concentrations up to 25% higher than males on a body weight adjusted basis. The reason for this difference is unknown.

Patients with renal impairment

Preliminary data from a study of patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction show peak plasma oxycodone and noroxycodone concentrations approximately 50% and 20% higher, respectively and AUC values for oxycodone, noroxycodone and oxymorphone approximately 60%, 60% and 40% higher than normal subjects, respectively. There was an increase in t'A of elimination for oxycodone of only 1 hour.

Patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment:

Patients with mild to moderate hepatic dysfunction showed peak plasma oxycodone and noroxycodone concentrations approximately 50% and 20% higher, respectively, than normal subjects. AUC values were approximately 95% and 75% higher, respectively. Oxymorphone peak plasma concentrations and AUC values were lower by 15% to 50%. The t'A elimination for oxycodone increased by 2.3 hours.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Teratogenicity

Oxycodone had no effect on fertility or early embryonic development in male and female rats at doses as high as 8 mg/kg/d. Also, oxycodone did not induce any deformities in rats at doses as high as 8 mg/kg/d or in rabbits at doses as high as 125 mg/kg/d. Dose-related increases in developmental variations (increased incidences of extra (27) presacral vertebrae and extra pairs of ribs) were observed in rabbits when the data for individual foetuses were analyzed. However, when the same data were analyzed using litters as opposed to individual foetuses, there was no dose-related increase in developmental variations although the incidence of extra presacral vertebrae remained significantly higher in the 125 mg/kg/d group compared to the control group. Since this dose level was associated with severe pharmacotoxic effects in the pregnant animals, the foetal findings may have been a secondary consequence of severe maternal toxicity.

In a study of peri- and postnatal development in rats, maternal body weight and food intake parameters were reduced for doses > 2 mg/kg/d compared to the control group. Body weights were lower in the F1 generation from maternal rats in the 6 mg/kg/d dosing group. There were no effects on physical, reflexological, or sensory developmental parameters or on behavioural and reproductive indices in the F1 pups (the NOEL for F1 pups was 2 mg/kg/d based on body weight effects seen at 6 mg/kg/d). There were no effects on the F2 generation at any dose in the study.

Carcinogenicity

Studies of oxycodone in animals to evaluate its carcinogenic potential have not been conducted owing to the length of clinical experience with the drug substance.

Mutagenicity

The results of in-vitro and in-vivo studies indicate that the genotoxic risk of oxycodone to humans is minimal or absent at the systemic oxycodone concentrations that are achieved therapeutically.

Oxycodone was not genotoxic in a bacterial mutagenicity assay or in an in-vivo micronucleus assay in the mouse. Oxycodone produced a positive response in the in-vitro mouse lymphoma assay in the presence of rat liver S9 metabolic activation at dose levels greater than 25 pg/mL. Two in-vitro chromosomal aberrations assays with human lymphocytes were conducted. In the first assay, oxycodone was negative without metabolic activation but was positive with S9 metabolic activation at the 24 hour time point but not at other time points or at 48 hour after exposure. In the second assay, oxycodone did not show any clastogenicity either with or without metabolic activation at any concentration or time point.

6.1 List of excipients

Lactose monohydrate

Polyvidone

Ammoniomethacrylate Co-polymer

Sorbic acid

Triacetin

Stearyl Alcohol

Talc

Magnesium Stearate Film coat

Hypromellose (E464) Hydroxypropylcellulose Titanium Dioxide (E171)

Macrogol Iron oxide (E172)

Indigo carmine (E132)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable

6.3 Shelf life

Three years

6.4 Special precautions for storage

Do not store above 25°C