Oxynorm 10mg/Ml Solution For Injection Or Infusion
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
OxyNorm 10mg/ml solution for injection or infusion
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Oxycodone hydrochloride 10mg/ml (equivalent to 9mg/ml oxycodone)
For excipients, see section 6.1
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Solution for injection or infusion
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
For the treatment of moderate to severe pain in patients with cancer and postoperative pain.
For the treatment of severe pain requiring the use of a strong opioid.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Route of administration:
Subcutaneous injection or infusion Intravenous injection or infusion
Posology:
The dose should be adjusted according to the severity of pain, the total condition of the patient and previous or concurrent medication.
Adults over 18 years:
The following starting doses are recommended. A gradual increase in dose may be required if analgesia is inadequate or if pain severity increases. i.v. (Bolus): Dilute to 1mg/ml in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for injections.
Administer a bolus dose of 1 to 10mg slowly over 1-2 minutes.
Doses should not be administered more frequently than every 4 hours.
i.v. (Infusion): Dilute to 1mg/ml in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for
injections. A starting dose of 2mg/hour is recommended.
i.v. (PCA): Dilute to 1mg/ml in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for
injections. Bolus doses of 0.03mg/kg should be administered with a minimum
lock-out time of 5 minutes.
s.c. (Bolus)-. Use as 10mg/ml concentration. A starting dose of 5mg is recommended, repeated at 4-hourly intervals as required. s.c. (Infusion): Dilute in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for injections if required. A starting dose of 7.5mg/day is recommended in opioid naive patients, titrating gradually according to symptom control. Cancer patients transferring from oral oxycodone may require much higher doses (see below).
Transferring patients between oral and parenteral oxycodone:
The dose should be based on the following ratio: 2mg of oral oxycodone is equivalent to 1mg of parenteral oxycodone. It must be emphasised that this is a guide to the dose required. Inter-patient variability requires that each patient is carefully titrated to the appropriate dose.
Elderly:
Elderly patients should be treated with caution. The lowest dose should be administered with careful titration to pain control.
Patients with renal and hepatic impairment:
Patients with mild to moderate renal impairment and/or mild hepatic impairment should be treated with caution. The lowest dose should be given with careful titration to pain control.
Children under 18 years:
There are no data on the use of OxyNorm injection in patients under 18 years of age.
Use in non-malignant pain:
Opioids are not first line therapy for chronic non-malignant pain, nor are they recommended as the only treatment. Types of chronic pain which have been shown to be alleviated by strong opioids include chronic osteoarthritic pain and intervertebral disc disease. The need for continued treatment in nonmalignant pain should be assessed at regular intervals.
Cessation of Therapy:
When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.
4.3 Contraindications
OxyNorm injection is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to oxycodone or any of the other constituents, or in any situation where opioids are contraindicated; respiratory depression; head injury; paralytic ileus; acute abdomen; chronic obstructive airways disease; cor pulmonale; chronic bronchial asthma; hypercarbia; moderate to severe hepatic impairment; severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <10ml/min); chronic constipation; concurrent administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors or within 2 weeks of discontinuation of their use; pregnancy.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
The major risk of opioid excess is respiratory depression. As with all opioids, a reduction in dosage may be advisable in hypothyroidism. Use with caution in patients with raised intracranial pressure, hypotension, hypovolaemia, toxic psychoses, diseases of the biliary tract, inflammatory bowel disorders, prostatic hypertrophy, adrenocortical insufficiency, acute alcoholism, delirium tremens, pancreatitis, chronic renal and hepatic disease or severe pulmonary disease and debilitated, elderly and infirm patients. OxyNorm injection should not be used where there is a possibility of paralytic ileus occurring. Should paralytic ileus be suspected or occur during use, OxyNorm injection should be discontinued immediately.
The patient may develop tolerance to oxycodone with chronic use and require progressively higher doses to maintain pain control. The patient may develop physical dependence, in which case an abstinence syndrome may be seen following abrupt cessation.
For appropriate patients who suffer with chronic non-malignant pain, opioids should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment programme involving other medications and treatment modalities. A crucial part of the assessment of a patient with chronic non-malignant pain is the patient’s addiction and substance abuse history. There is potential for development of psychological dependence (addiction) to opioid analgesics, including oxycodone. OxyNorm injection, like all opioids, should be used with particular care in patients with a history of alcohol and drug abuse.
If opioid treatment is considered appropriate for the patient, then the main aim of treatment is not to minimise the dose of opioid but rather to achieve a dose which provides adequate pain relief with a minimum of side effects. There must be frequent contact between physician and patient so that dosage adjustments can be made. It is strongly recommended that the physician defines treatment outcomes in accordance with pain management guidelines. The physician and patient can then agree to discontinue treatment if these objectives are not met.
Oxycodone has an abuse profile similar to other strong opioids and should be used with caution in opioid-dependent patients. Oxycodone may be sought and abused by people with latent or manifest addiction disorders.
As with other opioids, infants who are born to dependent mothers may exhibit withdrawal symptoms and may have respiratory depression at birth.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
There is an enhanced CNS depressant effect with drugs such as tranquillisers, anaesthetics, hypnotics, anti-depressants, sedatives, phenothiazines, neuroleptic drugs, alcohol, other opioids, muscle relaxants and antihypertensives. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are known to interact with narcotic analgesics, producing CNS excitation or depression with hypertensive or hypotensive crisis.
Oxycodone is metabolised in part via the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 pathways. While these pathways may be blocked by a variety of drugs, such blockade has not yet been shown to be of clinical significance with this agent.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
The effect of oxycodone in human reproduction has not been adequately studied. No studies on fertility or the post-natal effects of intrauterine exposure have been carried out. However, studies in rats and rabbits with oral doses of oxycodone equivalent to 3 and 47 times an adult dose of 160mg/day, respectively, did not reveal evidence of harm to the foetus due to oxycodone. OxyNorm injection is not recommended for use in pregnancy nor during labour. Infants born to mothers who have received opioids during pregnancy should be monitored for respiratory depression.
Oxycodone may be secreted in breast milk and may cause respiratory depression in the newborn. Oxycodone should therefore not be used in breastfeeding mothers.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Oxycodone may modify patients’ reactions to a varying extent depending on the dosage and individual susceptibility. Therefore, patients should not drive or operate machinery if affected.
This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient’s ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
• The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive.
• Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you.
• It is an offence to drive while you have this medicine in your body over a specified limit unless you have a defence (called the ‘statutory defence’).
• This defence applies when:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem; and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine.
• Please note that it is still an offence to drive if you are unfit because of the medicine (i.e. your ability to drive is being affected).”
Details regarding a new driving offence concerning driving after drugs have been taken in the UK may be found here: https://www.gov.uk/drug-driving-law
4.8 Undesirable effects
Adverse drug reactions are typical of full opioid agonists. Tolerance and dependence may occur (see Tolerance and Dependence, below). Constipation may be prevented with an appropriate laxative. If nausea or vomiting are troublesome, oxycodone may be combined with an antiemetic.
Common (incidence of > 1%) and uncommon (incidence of < 1%) adverse drug reactions to oxycodone are listed in the table below.
|
Body System |
Common |
Uncommon |
|
Immune system |
Anaphylactic reaction | |
|
disorders |
Anaphylactoid reaction Hypersensitivity | |
|
Metabolism and nutritional disorders |
Anorexia |
Dehydration |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Anxiety |
Affect lability |
|
Confusional state |
Agitation | |
|
Insomnia |
Depression | |
|
Nervousness |
Drug dependence | |
|
Thinking disturbances |
Euphoria | |
|
Abnormal dreams |
Hallucinations Disorientation Mood altered Restlessness Dysphoria | |
|
Nervous system |
Headache |
Amnesia |
|
disorders |
Dizziness |
Hypertonia |
|
Sedation |
Tremor | |
|
Somnolence |
Hypoaesthesia Hypotonia Paraesthesia Speech disorder Convulsions Muscle contractions involuntary Taste perversion Syncope | |
|
Eye disorders |
Miosis Visual disturbance | |
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
Vertigo | |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Supraventricular tachycardia | |
|
Vascular disorders |
Hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Vasodilatation Facial flushing | |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and |
Bronchospasm |
Respiratory depression |
|
mediastinal disorders |
Dyspnoea |
Hiccups |
|
Body System |
Common |
Uncommon |
|
Cough decreased | ||
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Constipation |
Dysphagia |
|
Nausea |
Eructation | |
|
Vomiting |
Flatulence | |
|
Dry mouth |
Gastrointestinal disorders | |
|
Dyspepsia |
Ileus | |
|
Abdominal pain Diarrhoea |
Gastritis | |
|
Hepato-biliary disorders |
Biliary colic Increased hepatic enzymes | |
|
Skin and subcutaneous |
Hyperhidrosis |
Dry skin |
|
tissue disorders |
Pruritus |
Exfoliative dermatitis |
|
Rash |
Urticaria | |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Muscular rigidity | |
|
Renal and urinary |
Urinary retention | |
|
disorders |
Ureteral spasm | |
|
Reproductive system and |
Amenorrhoea | |
|
breast disorders |
Libido decreased Erectile dysfunction | |
|
General disorders and administration site |
Asthenia |
Drug tolerance |
|
conditions |
Chills |
Oedema |
|
Oedema peripheral Malaise | ||
|
Thirst | ||
|
Pyrexia Drug withdrawal syndrome |
Tolerance and Dependence:
The patient may develop tolerance to the drug with chronic use and require progressively higher doses to maintain pain control. Prolonged use of OxyNorm injection may lead to physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome may occur upon abrupt cessation of therapy. When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal. The opioid abstinence or withdrawal syndrome is characterised by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, mydriasis and palpitations. Other symptoms also may develop,
including: irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate or heart rate.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms of overdosage
Signs of oxycodone toxicity and overdosage are pin-point pupils, respiratory depression, hypotension and hallucinations. Nausea and vomiting are common in less severe cases. Non-cardiac pulmonary oedema and rhabdomyolysis are particularly common after intravenous injection of opioid analgesics. Circulatory failure and somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, bradycardia and death may occur in more severe cases.
The effects of overdosage will be potentiated by the simultaneous ingestion of alcohol or other psychotropic drugs.
Treatment of overdosage
Primary attention should be given to the establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation.
In the case of massive overdosage, administer naloxone intravenously (0.4 to 2mg for an adult and 0.01mg/kg body weight for children) if the patient is in a coma or respiratory depression is present. Repeat the dose at 2 minute intervals if there is no response. If repeated doses are required then an infusion of 60% of the initial dose per hour is a useful starting point. A solution of 10mg made up in 50ml dextrose will produce 200 micrograms/ml for infusion using an IV pump (dose adjusted to the clinical response). Infusions are not a substitute for frequent review of the patient’s clinical state.
Intramuscular naloxone is an alternative in the event that IV access is not possible. As the duration of action of naloxone is relatively short, the patient must be carefully monitored until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist and large doses (4mg) may be required in seriously poisoned patients.
For less severe overdosage, administer naloxone 0.2mg intravenously followed by increments of 0.1mg every 2 minutes if required.
The patient should be observed for at least 6 hours after the last dose of naloxone.
Naloxone should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to oxycodone overdosage. Naloxone should be administered cautiously to persons who are known, or suspected, to be physically dependent on oxycodone. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate pain and an acute withdrawal syndrome.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Natural opium alkaloids ATC code: N02A A05
Oxycodone is a full opioid agonist with no antagonist properties. It has an affinity for kappa, mu and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Oxycodone is similar to morphine in its action. The therapeutic effect is mainly analgesic, anxiolytic, antitussive and sedative.
Opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or gonadal axes. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical symptoms may be manifest from these hormonal changes.
In vitro and animal studies indicate various effects of natural opioids, such as morphine, on components of the immune system; the clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Whether oxycodone, a semisynthetic opioid, has immunological effects similar to morphine is unknown.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy subjects demonstrated an equivalent availability of oxycodone from OxyNorm injection when administered by the intravenous and subcutaneous routes, as a single bolus dose or a continuous infusion over 8 hours.
Following absorption, oxycodone is distributed throughout the entire body. Approximately 45% is bound to plasma protein. It is metabolised in the liver to produce noroxycodone, oxymorphone and various conjugated glucuronides. The analgesic effects of the metabolites are clinically insignificant.
The active drug and its metabolites are excreted in both urine and faeces.
The plasma concentrations of oxycodone are only minimally affected by age, being 15% greater in elderly as compared to young subjects.
Female subjects have, on average, plasma oxycodone concentrations up to 25% higher than males on a body weight adjusted basis.
The drug penetrates the placenta and can be found in breast milk.
When compared to normal subjects, patients with mild to severe hepatic dysfunction may have higher plasma concentrations of oxycodone and noroxycodone and lower plasma concentrations of oxymorphone. There may be an increase in the elimination half-life of oxycodone and this may be accompanied by an increase in drug effects.
When compared to normal subjects, patients with mild to severe renal dysfunction may have higher plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its metabolites. There may be an increase in the elimination half-life of oxycodone and this may be accompanied by an increase in drug effects.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Oxycodone was not mutagenic in the following assays: Ames Salmonella and E. Coli test with and without metabolic activation at doses of up to 5000|ig, chromosomal aberration test in human lymphocytes (in the absence of metabolic activation and with activation after 48 hours of exposure) at doses of up to 1500^g/ml, and in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay in mice (at plasma levels of up to 48^g/ml). Mutagenic results occurred in the presence of metabolic activation in the human chromosomal aberration test (at greater than or equal to 1250^g/ml) at 24 but not 48 hours of exposure and in the mouse lymphoma assay at doses of 50^g/ml or greater with metabolic activation and at 400^g/ml or greater without metabolic activation. The data from these tests indicate that the genotoxic risk to humans may be considered low.
Studies of oxycodone in animals to evaluate its carcinogenic potential have not been conducted owing to the length of clinical experience with the drug substance.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Citric acid monohydrate Sodium citrate Sodium chloride Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sodium hydroxide Water for injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
Cyclizine at concentrations of 3mg/ml or less, when mixed with OxyNorm injection, either undiluted or diluted with water for injections, shows no sign of precipitation over a period of 24 hours storage at room temperature. Precipitation has been shown to occur in mixtures with OxyNorm injection at cyclizine concentrations greater than 3mg/ml or when diluted with 0.9% saline. It is recommended that water for injections be used as a diluent when cyclizine and oxycodone hydrochloride are co-administered either intravenously or subcutaneously as an infusion.
Prochlorperazine is chemically incompatible with OxyNorm injection.
6.3 Shelf life
5 years unopened.
After opening use immediately.
For further information see Section 6.6.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
No special precautions for storage prior to opening.
For further information on use after opening see section 6.6.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear glass ampoules: 1ml and 2ml Pack size: 5 ampoules
Clear glass ampoules: 20ml
Pack size: 4 ampoules
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Each ampoule is for single use in a single patient. The injection should be given immediately after opening the ampoule and any unused portion should be discarded. Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at room temperature.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless reconstitution, dilution, etc has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
OxyNorm injection has been shown to be compatible with the following drugs:
Hyoscine butylbromide Hyoscine hydrobromide Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Haloperidol
Midazolam hydrochloride Metoclopramide hydrochloride Levomepromazine hydrochloride
OxyNorm injection, undiluted or diluted to 1mg/ml with 0.9% w/v saline, 5% w/v dextrose or water for injections, is physically and chemically stable when in contact with representative brands of polypropylene or polycarbonate syringes, polyethylene or PVC tubing, and PVC or EVA infusion bags, over a 24 hour period at room temperature.
The injection, whether undiluted or diluted to 1mg/ml in the infusion fluids used in these studies and contained in the various assemblies, does not need to be protected from light.
Inappropriate handling of the undiluted solution after opening of the original ampoule, or of the diluted solutions may compromise the sterility of the product.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Napp Pharmaceuticals Ltd Cambridge Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0GW United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 16950/0128
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
14/04/2003 / 23/03/2009
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
22/08/2014