SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Phenobarbitone 15 mg Tablets

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each tablet contains 15 mg of phenobarbitone (phenobarbital).

For excipients, see 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Tablet.

White normal convex tablets engraved with the company logo on one side and A060 on then other side.

4    CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1    Therapeutic indications

The treatment and control of all forms of epilepsy, except absence seizures. Phenobarbital should only be used in the treatment of febrile convulsions in exceptional circumstances.

4.2    Posology and method of administration Posology

Adults: 60-180mg at night Child: 5-8mg/kg daily

Elderly: Phenobarbital clearance diminishes in the elderly. Therefore the dose of phenobarbital is usually lower in elderly patients.

The dose of phenobarbital should be adjusted to meet the needs of individual patients. This usually requires plasma concentration of 15 to 40 micrograms/ml (65 to 170 micromoles/litre).

Method of administration:

For oral administration

4.3 Contraindications

Phenobarbital should not be given to patient with:

•    Hypersensitivity to phenobarbital, other barbiturates or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

•    Acute intermittent porphyria

•    Severe hepatic and renal impairment

•    Severe respiratory depression

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for Phenobarbitone.

Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

Steven-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Life-threatening cutaneous reactions Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported with the use of phenobarbital. Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions. The highest risk for occurrence of SJS or TEN is within the first weeks of treatment.

If symptoms or signs of SJS or TEN (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present, Phenobarbital treatment should be discontinued. The best results in managing SJS and TEN come from early diagnosis and immediate discontinuation of any suspect drug. Early withdrawal is associated with a better prognosis.

If the patient has developed SJS or TEN with the use of phenobarbital, phenobarbital must not be re-started in this patient at any time.

Care should be used in the following situations:

•    Prolonged use may result in dependence of the alcohol-barbiturate type and particular care should be taken in treating patients with a history of drug abuse or alcoholism.

•    Sudden withdrawal should be avoided as severe withdrawal syndrome (rebound insomnia, anxiety, tremor, dizziness, nausea, fits and delirium) may be precipitated.

•    Patients with the rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the lapp lactase deficiency or glucose - galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine

•    Respiratory depression (avoid if severe)

•    Acute chronic pain - paradoxical excitement may be induced or important symptoms masked.

•    Young, debilitated or senile patients

•    Renal impairment

•    Existing liver disease

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Effects on Phenobarbital

Effects of phenobarbital on other medicines

•    Alcohol - concurrent administration with alcohol may lead to an additive CNS depressant effect. This is likely with concurrent administration with other CNS depressants. •    Antidepressants - including MAOIs, SSRIs and tricyclics may antagonise the antiepileptic activity of phenobarbital by lowering the convulsive threshold •    Antiepileptics - Phenobarbital plasma concentrations increased by phenytoin, oxcarbazepine and sodium valproate.Vigabatrin possibly decreases phenobarbital plasma concentrations. •    Antipsychotics - concurrent use of chlorpromazine and thioridazine with phenobarbital can reduce the serum levels of either drug. •    Folic acid - if folic acid supplements

Phenobarbital increases the rate of metabolism reducing serum concentrations of the following drugs: •    Anti-arrhythmics - disopyramide and quinidine loss of arrhythmia control is possible. Plasma levels of anti-arrhymics should be monitored, if phenobarbital is added or withdrawn. Changes in dosage may be necessary. •    Antibacterials - chloramphenicol, doxycycline, metronidazole and rifampicin. Avoid concomitant use of telithromycin during and for 2 weeks after Phenobarbital. •    Anticoagulants. •    Antidepressants - paroxetine, mianserin and tricyclic antidepressants. •    Antiepileptics - carbamazepine, lamotrigine, tiagabine, zonisamide, primidone and possibly ethosuxamide.

Phenobarbital may interfere with some laboratory tests including metyrapone test, phenlolamine tests and serum bilirubin estimation.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy

Phenobarbital therapy in epileptic pregnant women presents a risk to the fetus in terms of major and minor congenital defects such as congenital craniofacial, digital abnormalities and, less commonly, cleft lip and palate. The risk of teratogenic effects developing appears to be greater if more than one antiepileptic drug is administered. The risk to the mother, however is greater if phenobarbital is withheld and seizure control is lost. The risk: benefit balance, in this case, favours continued use of the drug during pregnancy at the lowest possible level to control seizures.

Patients taking Phenobarbital should be adequately supplemented with folic acid before conception and during pregnancy (see section 4.5). Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy can help to reduce the risk of neural defects to the infant.

Phenobarbital readily crosses the placenta following oral administration and is distributed throughout fetal tissue, the highest concentrations being found in the placenta, fetal liver and brain. Adverse effects on neurobehavioral development have also been reported.

Haemorrhage at birth and addiction are also a risk. Prophylactic treatment with vitamin K1 for the mother before delivery (as well as the neonate) is recommended, the neonate should be monitored for signs of bleeding.

Breast-feeding

Phenobarbitone is excreted in breast milk and there is a small risk of neonatal sedation. Breast feeding is therefore not advisable.

4.7    Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Phenobarbital may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. Patients should be advised to make sure they are not affected before undertaking any potentially hazardous tasks.

4.8    Undesirable effects

“For this product there is no modern clinical documentation which can be used as support for determining the frequency of adverse reactions”.

Blood & lymphatic system disorders	Frequency Unknown	megaloblastic anaemia (due to folate deficiency), agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
Metabolism & Nutrition disorders	Frequency Unknown	osteomalacia, rickets There have been reports of decreased bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in patients on long-term therapy with phenobarbital. The mechanism by which phenobarbital affects bone metabolism has not been identified.
Psychiatric disorders	Frequency Unknown	Paradoxical reaction (unusual excitement), hallucinations, restlessness and confusion in the elderly, mental depression, memory and cognitive impairment, drowsiness, lethargy,
Nervous system disorders	Frequency Unknown	Hyperactivity, ataxia, nystagmus, behavioural disturbances in children
Cardiac disorders	Frequency Unknown	Hypotension
Respiratory, thoracic & mediastinal disorders	Frequency Unknown	Respiratory depression
Hepatobiliary disorders	Frequency Unknown	Hepatitis, cholestasis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Frequency Unknown	Allergic skin reactions (maculopapular, morbilliform or scarlatiniform rashes), other skin reactions such as exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme
	Very Rare	Serious cutaneous adverse reaction (SCARs): Toxic epidermal necrosis

		(TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) have been reported (see section 4.4)
General & administration site disorders	Frequency Unknown	Antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome (features include fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, haematological abnormalities, hepatic and other organ involvement including renal and pulmonary systems which may become life threatening).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme; website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard

4.9 Overdose

Toxicity varies between patients; tolerance will develop with chronic use. Features of poisoning are to be expected after ingestion of 1g in adults.

Features:

Drowsiness, dysarthria, ataxia, nystagmus and disinhibition. There may also be coma, cardiovascular collapse, cardiac arrest, hypotension, hypotonia, hyproreflexia, hypothermia, hypotension and respiratory depression. Barbiturates decrease gut motility, which may lead to slow onset and worsening of symptoms or cyclical improvement and worsening of symptoms.

Management:

Consider activated charcoal (50g for an adult, 10-15g for a child under 5 years) if more than 10mg/kg body weight of phenobarbital has been ingested within 1 hour, provided the airway can be protected. Repeat dose activated charcoal is the best method of enhancing elimination of phenobarbital in symptomatic patients. In severe hypotension dopamine or dobutamine can be used. Treat rhabdomyolysis with urinary alkalinistion. Haemodialysis or haemofiltration may be required for cases of acute renal or severe hyperkalaemia.

Charcoal haemoperfusion is the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with severe barbiturate poisoning who fail to improve, or who deteriorate despite good supportive care.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

: Antiepileptics; Barbiturates and Derivatives - phenobarbital

: N03A A02

Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate, which because of its depressant effect on the motor cortex, is used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Phenobarbital has a widespread depressant action on cerebral function. It has sedative effects and has some protective action against all varieties of human partial and generalised epilepsy, with the exception of absence seizures. Phenobarbital is also effective in preventing seizures in the corresponding experimental animal models of epilepsy. In different studies phenobarbital appears to have had inconsistent effects in suppressing experimental epileptic foci, and epileptic after-discharges, but it inhibits synaptic transmission, at least in the spinal cord. The drug's probable biochemical mechanism of action is through prolonging the opening time of Cl- ion channels in postsynaptic neuronal membranes. This effect causes membrane hyperpolarisation and thus impairs nerve impulse propagation.

Phenobarbital also decreases intraneuronal Na+ concentrations, and inhibits Ca2+ influx into depolarised synaptosomes. It raises brain serotonin levels, and inhibits noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake into synaptosomes.

These additional biochemical actions may contribute towards the anticonvulsant effects of the drug.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption - Phenobarbital is readily absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, although it is relatively lipid - insoluble; peak concentrations are reached in about 2 hours after oral administration.

Distribution - Phenobarbital is about 45 to 60% bound to plasma proteins. Phenobarbital crosses the placental barrier and is distributed into breast milk.

Metabolism - The plasma half life is about 75 to 120 hours in adults but is greatly prolonged in neonates, and shorter (about 21 to 75 hours) in children. There is considerable interindividual variation in phenobarbital kinetics. Phenobarbital is only partly metabolised in the liver.

Elimination - About 25% of a dose is excreted in the urine unchanged at normal urinary pH.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

There are no pre-clinical safety data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.

6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Lactose

Magnesium stearate Maize starch

6.2 Incompatibilities

None stated.

6.3 Shelf life

60 months in polypropylene tubes, as packaged for sale.

60 months in amber glass bottles, as packaged for sale.

60 months in HDPP or HDPE containers, as packaged for sale. 24 months in A1/PVC blisters, as packaged for sale.

6.4 Special precautions for storage

Keep out of the reach of children. Store in a cool, dry place.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

1.    Opaque plastic containers composed of polypropylene tubes and polyethylene made tamper-evident closures in pack sizes of 28, 30, 42, 50, 56, 60, 84, 90, 100, 112, 250, 500 or 1000 tablets.

2.    Amber glass bottles with screw caps in pack sizes of 28, 30, 42, 50, 56, 60, 84, 90, 100, 112, 250, 500 or 1000 tablets.

3.    Opaque plastic containers composed of either high density polypropylene or high density polyethylene with a tamper-evident or child-resistant tamper-evident closure composed of high density polyethylene with a packing inclusion of standard polyether foam or polyethylene or polypropylene made filler in pack sizes of 28, 30, 42, 50, 56, 60, 84, 90, 100, 112, 250, 500 or 1000 tablets.

4. Blister packs of aluminium/opaque PVC in pack sizes of 28, 30,42, 56, 60, 84, 90 or 112 tablets.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

None.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Bristol Laboratories Limited Unit 3, Canalside,

Northbridge road,

Berkhamsted HP4 1EG United Kingdom

8    MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

PL 17907/0511

9    DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE

AUTHORISATION

08/02/2010

10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

31/10/2016