Piroxicam 0.5% Gel
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Piroxicam 0.5% Gel
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Piroxicam 0.5% w/w
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Gel
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Piroxicam gel is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent indicated for a variety of conditions characterised by pain and inflammation, or stiffness. It is effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis of superficial joints such as the knee, acute musculoskeletal injuries, periarthritis, epicondylitis, tendinitis, and tenosynovitis.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Piroxicam Gel is for external use only. No occlusive dressings should be employed.
Apply 1g of gel, corresponding to 3 cm, and rub into the affected site three to four times daily leaving to residual material on the skin. Therapy should be reviewed after 4 weeks.
Use in Children: Dosage recommendations and indications for use of Piroxicam Gel in children have not been established.
Use in the elderly: No special precautions are required.
4.3 Contraindications
Piroxicam Gel should not be used in those patients who have previously shown hypersensitivity to piroxicam in any of its forms, or any of the other ingredients. The potential exists for cross sensitivity to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Piroxicam Gel should not be given to patients in whom aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents induce the symptoms of asthma, nasal polyps, angioneurotic oedema or urticaria.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Piroxicam 0.5% Gel is not suitable for use in children under 12 years of age.
The gel should not be used for any condition other than those specified.
Life-threatening cutaneous reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)) have been reported with the systemic administration of piroxicam. These reactions have not been associated with topical piroxicam, but the possibility of occurring with topical piroxicam cannot be excluded.
Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions. The highest risk for occurrence of SJS or TEN is within the first weeks of treatment.
If symptoms or signs of SJS or TEN (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present, piroxicam treatment should be discontinued.
The best results in managing SJS and TEN come from early diagnosis and immediate discontinuation of any suspect drug. Early withdrawal is associated with a better prognosis.
If the patient has developed SJS or TEN with the use of piroxicam, piroxicam must not be re-started in this patient at any time.
If local irritation develops, the use of the gel should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted as necessary.
Keep away from the eyes and mucosal surfaces. Do not apply to any sites affected by open skin lesions, dermatoses or infection.
NSAIDs, including piroxicam, may cause interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renal failure. There have also been reports of interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renal failure with topical piroxicam, although the causal relationship to treatment with topical piroxicam has not been established. As a result, the possibility that these events may be related to the use of topical piroxicam cannot be ruled out.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Dose-dependent percutaneous absorption of piroxicam has been demonstrated in rabbits and there is theoretical possibility of systemic interactions / effects.
For example, oral piroxicam has been reported to potentiate the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol because of its effect on platelets. It can cause sodium, potassium and fluid retention and may interfere with the natriuretic action of diuretic agents and thus aggravate or precipitate heart failure.
Under conditions of solar or UV-irradiation of Piroxicam 0.5 % Gel - treated exposed skin, phototoxic products may evolve which may induce cross-sensitivity reactions to Thimorosal (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate)or thiosalicylic acid in the case of relevant allergy. Sodium bisulphite (excipient) when used as a food additive, reduces the content of thiamine.
4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and lactation
Although, studies in animals using oral piroxicam have not shown any teratogenic effects, the use of piroxicam gel during pregnancy is not advised. Fertility: Based on the mechanism of action, the use of NSAIDs, including piroxicam may delay or prevent rupture of ovarian follicles, which has been associated with reversible infertility in some women. In women who have difficulties conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility, withdrawal of NSAIDs, including piroxicam should be considered.
Pregnancy: Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis might adversely affect pregnancy. Data from epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of spontaneous abortion after use of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in early pregnancy. In animals, administration of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors has been shown to result in increased pre- and post implantation loss. Therefore, the use of Feldene Gel, Feldene Sports Gel and Feldene Gel Starter Pack during pregnancy is not recommended.
Lactation: Piroxicam gel is not recommended for use in nursing mothers as clinical safety has not been established.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
None known.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The systemic absorption of Piroxicam 0.5% Gel is very low. In common with other topical NSAIDs, systemic reactions occur infrequently. Mild to moderate local irritation, erythema, pruritus, and dermatitis may occur at the application site.
Gastrointestinal: nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain and gastritis have been reported.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: There have been isolated reports of bronchospasm and dyspnoea.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported very rarely (see section 4.4).
Contact dermatitis, eczema and photosensitivity skin reaction have also been observed from post-marketing experience.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme (Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard).
4.9 Overdose
Overdose is unlikely to occur with this topical preparation.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-inflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use (ATC code M02AA07).
Piroxicam inhibits the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase. This is a basic characteristic of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which allows them to influence many physiological processes.
Depending on the site of action, NSAID may;
• reduce the vascular phase of inflammation,
• decrease sensitisation of nociceptors to stimulation,
• act as an antipyretic,
• inhibit the secondary phase of platelet aggregation,
• affect the motility of bronchi and of the uterus,
• cause a dose dependent decrease in renal blood flow particularly in patients with renal impairment,
• lead to the activation of free radicals by neutrophils,
• affect the permeability of the foetal umbilical arterial canal,
• interfere with the renal resorption of uric acid,
• affect the gastric mucosa leading to ulceration of the muscularis mucosa.
Piroxicam’s pharmacological profile is based on the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid in vitro, of collagen-induced aggregation of human and animal platelets in vitro, of the release of lysosomal enzymes, of the generation of the reactive superoxide anion, of chemostaxis/migration of neurophils, macrophages, monocytes, platelets, of the carrageenin-induced foot oedema in rats, of the benzoquinone-induced writhing in mice, of E.coli-induced fever in rats and of urate crystal-induced synovitis.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
A study in man examining skin biopsies following piroxicam gel administration concluded that piroxicam rapidly permeates through the stratum corneum into the epidermis/dermis after application of the gel with plasma levels being low.
A separate study in man demonstrated mean plasma concentrations of piroxicam gel to be approximately 5% of those observed after equivalent doses of oral or intramuscular piroxicam. In healthy subjects or patients following the administration of a single oral dose, the pharmacokinetics of Piroxicam are linear, with maximum plasma concentration usually being obtained in about 2 h, but this can vary from 1-6 h in different subjects. It has a low clearance rate of approximately 45 h, but the half-life can vary from 30-60 h. After repeated doses of 20 mg daily, steady - state concentrations are generally achieved in 712 days; with a peak plasma concentration ranging from 4.5-2.2 mg/l.
In humans it penetrates into the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and reactive synovitis where mean concentrations are approximately 40% of those in plasma; it is also demonstrable in synovial tissues. Concentrations of piroxicam in breast milk are about 1% of those in the maternal plasma at the same time. Overall, piroxicam is 99% bound to plasma protein. Pharmacokinetics of the drug do not appear to be age related, and renal function has only a limited influence on its elimination, but plasma concentrations are increased in patients with severe liver dysfunction.
Piroxicam is eliminated by biotransformation in the liver. The major route is by hydroxylation, with the resultant products being excreted alone or as a glucuronide in urine and faeces. The metabolites of piroxicam have little or no anti-inflammatory activity in animal models. Approximately 10% of an oral dose is excreted as unchanged drug in 10 days.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
There are no preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to those included elsewhere in the SPC.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Propylene glycol Isopropyl alcohol Macrogol 7 glyceryl cocoate Hypromellose
Methoxyl 29.0%; Hydroxypropoxyl 8.5%
Sodium hydroxide Sodium metabisulphite Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Purified water
6.2 Incompatibilities
The metabolism of Piroxicam is inhibited by cimetidine and it itself can inhibit antipyrine metabolism.
6.3 Shelf life
36 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C. Keep the tube tightly closed.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Aluminium tubes with inner protective lacquer and polypropylene screw caps. Each tube contains 60g or 112g of Piroxicam gel.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
Pierce the tube by reversing the cap and screwing down to break the seal on the tube. Apply 3 cm (E/f’ approximately) of the gel on the affected area. Rub the gel into the skin until the gel disappears. Do this three or four times a day. For muscle sprains and strains, you should start to feel better within one week. If the pain has not got any less after a week, tell your pharmacist or doctor. Replace the cap after use.
Wash hands after each application unless it is the hand that is being treated.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Auden Mckenzie (Pharma Division) Limited
Mckenzie house
Bury Street
Ruislip
Middlesex
Ha4 7TL
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 17507-0029
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
16 March 2001
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
20/05/2015