Protium I.V. 40 Mg Powder For Solution For Injection
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Protium® i.v. 40 mg Powder for Solution for Injection.
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each vial contains 40 mg of pantoprazole (as sodium sesquihydrate).
Excipients with known effect:
Each vial contains 1 mg disodium edetate and 0.24 mg sodium hydroxide.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial, i.e. is essentially ‘sodium-free’.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Powder for solution for injection. White to off-white powder.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
- Reflux oesophagitis.
- Gastric and duodenal ulcer.
- Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrome and other pathological hypersecretory
conditions.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
This medicine should be administered by a healthcare professional and under appropriate medical supervision.
Intravenous administration of Protium is recommended only if oral administration is not appropriate. Data are available on intravenous use for up to 7 days. Therefore, as soon as oral therapy is possible, treatment with
Posology
Gastric and duodenal ulcer, reflux oesophagitis
The recommended intravenous dose is one vial of Protium (40 mg
pantoprazole) per day.
Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrome and other pathological hyper secretory conditions For the long-term management of Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrome and other pathological hyper secretory conditions patients should start their treatment with a daily dose of 80 mg Protium. Thereafter, the dose can be titrated up or down as needed using measurements of gastric acid secretion to guide. With doses above 80 mg daily, the dose should be divided and given twice daily. A temporary increase of the dose above 160 mg pantoprazole is possible but should not be applied longer than required for adequate acid control.
In case a rapid acid control is required, a starting dose of 2 x 80 mg Protium is sufficient to manage a decrease of acid output into the target range (<10 mEq/h) within one hour in the majority of patients.
Patients with hepatic impairment
A daily dose of 20 mg pantoprazole (half a vial of 40 mg pantoprazole) should not be exceeded in patients with severe liver impairment (see section 4.4).
Patients with renal impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with impaired renal function (see section 5.2).
Older people
No dose adjustment is necessary in older patients (see section 5.2).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Protium 40 mg powder for solution for injection in children aged under 18 years have not been established. Therefore, Protium 40 mg powder for solution for injection is not recommended for use in patients below 18 years of age.
Currently available data are described in section 5.2 but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Method of administration
A ready-to-use solution is prepared in 10 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for injection. For instructions for preparation see section 6.6. The prepared solution may be administered directly or may be administered after mixing it with 100 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for injection or glucose 55 mg/ml (5 %) solution for injection.
After preparation the solution must be used within 12 hours.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, substituted benzimidazoles, or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Gastric malignancy
Symptomatic response to pantoprazole may mask the symptoms of gastric malignancy and may delay diagnosis. In the presence of any alarm symptom (e. g. significant unintentional weight loss, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, haematemesis, anaemia or melaena) and when gastric ulcer is suspected or present, malignancy should be excluded.
Further investigation is to be considered if symptoms persist despite adequate treatment.
Hepatic impairment
In patients with severe liver impairment, the liver enzymes should be monitored during therapy. In the case of a rise of the liver enzymes, the treatment should be discontinued (see section 4.2).
Co-administration with HIV protease inhibitors
Co-administration of pantoprazole is not recommended with HIV protease inhibitors for which absorption is dependent on acidic intragastric pH such as atazanavir, due to significant reduction in their bioavailability (see section 4.5).
Gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria
Treatment with Protium may lead to a slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter or C. difficile.
Pantoprazole, like all proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), might be expected to increase the counts of bacteria normally present in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with Protium may lead to a slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter.
Sodium
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial, i.e. is essentially ‘sodium-free’.
Hypomagnesaemia
Severe hypomagnesaemia has been reported in patients treated with PPIs like pantoprazole for at least three months, and in most cases for a year. Serious manifestations of hypomagnesaemia such as fatigue, tetany, delirium, convulsions, dizziness and ventricular arrhythmia can occur but they may begin insidiously and be overlooked. In most affected patients,
hypomagnesaemia improved after magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with digoxin or medicinal products that may cause hypomagnesaemia (e.g. diuretics), health care professionals should consider measuring magnesium levels before starting PPI treatment and periodically during treatment.
Bone fractures
Proton pump inhibitors, especially if used in high doses and over long durations (>1 year), may modestly increase the risk of hip, wrist and spine fracture, predominantly in older people or in the presence of other recognised risk factors. Observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitors may increase the overall risk of fracture by 10-40%. Some of this increase may be due to other risk factors. Patients at risk of osteoporosis should receive care according to current clinical guidelines and they should have an adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with very infrequent cases of SCLE. If lesions occur, especially in sun exposed areas of the skin, and if accompanied by arthralgia, the patient should seek medical help promptly and the healthcare professional should consider stopping Protium. SCLE after previous treatment with a proton pump inhibitor may increase the risk of SCLE with other proton pump inhibitors.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Medicinal_products with _pH Dependent Absorption Pharmacokinetics Because of profound and long lasting inhibition of gastric acid secretion, pantoprazole may interfere with the absorption of other medicinal products where gastric pH is an important determinant of oral bioavailability, e.g. some azole antifungals such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and other medicine such as erlotinib.
HIV protease inhibitors
Co-administration of pantoprazole is not recommended with HIV protease inhibitors for which absorption is dependent on acidic intragastric pH such as atazanavir due to significant reduction in their bioavailability (see section 4.4).
If the combination of HIV protease inhibtiors with a proton pump inhibitor is judged unavoidable, close clinical monitoring (e.g. virus load) is recommended. A pantoprazole dose of 20 mg per day should not be exceeded. Dosage of the HIV protease inhibitor may need to be adjusted.
Coumarin anticoagulants (phenprocoumon or warfarin)
Co-administration of pantoprazole with warfarin or phenprocoumon did not affect the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, phenoprocoumon or INR. However, there have been reports of increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs and warfarin or phenoprocoumon concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding, and even death. Patients treated with pantoprazole and warfarin or phenprocoumon may need to be monitored for increase in INR and prothrombin time.
Methotrexate
Concomitant use of high dose methotrexate (e.g. 300 mg) and proton-pump inhibitors has been reported to increase methotrexate levels in some patients. Therefore in settings where high-dose methotrexate is used, for example cancer and psoriasis, a temporary withdrawal of pantoprazole may need to be considered.
Other interactions studies
Pantoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. The main metabolic pathway is demethylation by CYP2C19 and other metabolic pathways include oxidation by CYP3A4.
Interaction studies with medicinal products also metabolized with these pathways, like carbamazepine, diazepam, glibenclamide, nifedipine, and an oral contraceptive containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl oestradiol, did not reveal clinically significant interactions.
An interaction of pantoprazole with other medicinal products or compounds, which are metabolized using the same enzyme system, cannot be excluded.
Results from a range of interaction studies demonstrate that pantoprazole does not affect the metabolism of active substances metabolised by CYP1A2 (such as caffeine, theophylline), CYP2C9 (such as piroxicam, diclofenac, naproxen), CYP2D6 (such as metoprolol), CYP2E1 (such as ethanol), or does not interfere with p-glycoprotein related absorption of digoxin.
There were no interactions with concomitantly administered antacids.
Interaction studies have also been performed by concomitantly administering pantoprazole with the respective antibiotics (clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin). No clinically relevant interactions were found.
Medicinal products that inhibit or induce CYP2C19:
Inhibitors of CYP2C19 such as fluvoxamine could increase the systemic exposure of pantoprazole. A dose reduction may be considered for patients treated long-term with high doses of pantoprazole, or those with hepatic impairment.
Enzyme inducers affecting CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 such as rifampicin and St Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum) may reduce the plasma concentrations of PPIs that are metabolized through these enzyme systems.
4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
A moderate amount of data on pregnant women (between 300-1000 pregnancy outcomes) indicate no malformative or feto/ neonatal toxicity of Protium. Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Protium during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
Animal studies have shown excretion of pantoprazole in breast milk. There is insufficient information on the excretion of pantoprazole in human milk but excretion into human milk has been reported. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Therefore, a decision on whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue/abstain from Protium therapy should take into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child, and the benefit of Protium therapy for the woman.
Fertility
There was no evidence of impaired fertility following the administration of pantoprazole in animal studies (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Pantoprazole has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Adverse drug reactions, such as dizziness and visual disturbances may occur (see section 4.8). If affected, patients should not drive or operate machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Approximately 5 % of patients can be expected to experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The most commonly reported ADR is injection site thrombophlebitis. Diarrhoea and headache occurred in approximately 1 % of patients.
The table below lists adverse reactions reported with pantoprazole, ranked under the following frequency classification:
Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
For all adverse reactions reported from post-marketing experience, it is not possible to apply any Adverse Reaction frequency and therefore they are mentioned with a “not known” frequency.
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Table 1. Adverse reactions with pantoprazole in clinical trials and postmarketing experience
|
Frequency System""-.. Organ Class"\ |
Common |
Uncommo n |
Rare |
Very rare |
Not known |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Agranulocytosi s |
Thrombo cytopenia; Leukopenia; |
|
^'"-'-.Frequency System""--. Organ Class"\ |
Common |
Uncommo n |
Rare |
Very rare |
Not known |
|
Pancytopeni a | |||||
|
Immune system disorders |
Hypersensitivit y (including anaphylactic reactions and anaphylactic shock) | ||||
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Hyperlipidaem ias and lipid increases (triglycerides, cholesterol); Weight changes |
Hyponatrae- mia; Hypomagnes aemia (see section 4.4); Hypocalcaem ia (1); Hypokalaemi a | |||
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Sleep disorders |
Depression (and all aggravations) |
Disorientation (and all aggravations) |
Hallucination ; Confusion (especially in pre-disposed patients, as well as the aggravation of these symptoms in case of pre-existence) | |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Headache; Dizziness |
Taste disorders |
Paraesthesia | ||
|
Eye disorders |
Disturbances in vision / blurred vision | ||||
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Diarrhoea; Nausea / vomiting; Abdomina l distension and bloating; Constipati on; Dry mouth; Abdomina l pain and |
|
^'"-'-.Frequency System''"--. Organ Class"\ |
Common |
Uncommo n |
Rare |
Very rare |
Not known |
|
discomfort | |||||
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Liver enzymes increased (transamin ases, y- GT) |
Bilirubin increased |
Hepatocellula r injury; Jaundice; Hepatocellular failure | ||
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Rash / exanthema / eruption; Pruritus |
Urticaria; Angioedema |
Stevens-Johnson syndrome; Lyell syndrome; Erythema multiforme; Photosensitivity | ||
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Fracture of the hip, wrist or spine (see section 4.4) |
Arthralgia; Myalgia |
Muscle spasm (2) | ||
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Interstitial nephritis (with possible progression to renal failure) | ||||
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders |
Gynaecomastia | ||||
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Injection site thrombo phlebitis |
Asthenia, fatigue and malaise |
Body temperature increased; Oedema peripheral | ||
|
1 Hypocalcemia in association with |
lypomagnesemia | ||||
2 ^ 1 1
Muscle spasm as a consequence of electrolyte disturbance
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
There are no known symptoms of overdose in man.
Systemic exposure with up to 240 mg administered intravenously over 2 minutes were well tolerated.
As pantoprazole is extensively protein bound, it is not readily dialysable.
In the case of overdose with clinical signs of intoxication, apart from symptomatic and supportive treatment, no specific therapeutic recommendations can be made.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Proton pump inhibitors, ATC code: A02BC02
Mechanism of action
Pantoprazole is a substituted benzimidazole which inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach by specific blockade of the proton pumps of the parietal cells.
Pantoprazole is converted to its active form in the acidic environment in the parietal cells where it inhibits the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme, i. e. the final stage in the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The inhibition is dose-dependent and affects both basal and stimulated acid secretion. In most patients, freedom from symptoms is achieved within 2 weeks. As with other proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor inhibitors, treatment with pantoprazole reduces acidity in the stomach and thereby increases gastrin in proportion to the reduction in acidity. The increase in gastrin is reversible. Since pantoprazole binds to the enzyme distal to the cell receptor level, it can inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion independently of stimulation by other substances (acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin). The effect is the same whether the product is given orally or intravenously.
Pharmacodynamic effects
The fasting gastrin values increase under pantoprazole. On short-term use, in most cases they do not exceed the upper limit of normal. During long-term treatment, gastrin levels double in most cases. An excessive increase, however, occurs only in isolated cases. As a result, a mild to moderate increase in the number of specific endocrine (ECL) cells in the stomach is observed in a minority of cases during long-term treatment (simple to adenomatoid hyperplasia). However, according to the studies conducted so far, the formation of carcinoid precursors (atypical hyperplasia) or gastric carcinoids as were found in animal experiments (see section 5.3) have not been observed in humans.
An influence of a long term treatment with pantoprazole exceeding one year cannot be completely ruled out on endocrine parameters of the thyroid according to results in animal studies.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
General pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics does not vary after single or repeated administration. In the dose range of 10 to 80 mg, the plasma kinetics of pantoprazole are linear after both oral and intravenous administration.
Distribution
Pantoprazole's serum protein binding is about 98 %. Volume of distribution is about 0.15 l/kg.
Biotransformation
The substance is almost exclusively metabolized in the liver. The main metabolic pathway is demethylation by CYP2C19 with subsequent sulphate conjugation, other metabolic pathway includes oxidation by CYP3A4.
Elimination
Terminal half-life is about 1 hour and clearance is about 0.1 l/h/kg. There were a few cases of subjects with delayed elimination. Because of the specific binding of pantoprazole to the proton pumps of the parietal cell the elimination half-life does not correlate with the much longer duration of action (inhibition of acid secretion).
Renal elimination represents the major route of excretion (about 80 %) for the metabolites of pantoprazole, the rest is excreted with the faeces. The main metabolite in both the serum and urine is desmethylpantoprazole which is conjugated with sulphate. The half-life of the main metabolite (about 1.5 hours) is not much longer than that of pantoprazole.
Special populations
Poor metabolisers
Approximately 3 % of the European population lack a functional CYP2C19 enzyme and are called poor metabolisers. In these individuals the metabolism of pantoprazole is probably mainly catalysed by CYP3A4. After a single-dose administration of 40 mg pantoprazole, the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve was approximately 6 times higher in poor metabolisers than in subjects having a functional CYP2C19 enzyme (extensive metabolisers). Mean peak plasma concentrations were increased by about 60 %. These findings have no implications for the posology of pantoprazole.
Renal impairment
No dose reduction is recommended when pantoprazole is administered to patients with impaired renal function (incl. dialysis patients). As with healthy subjects, pantoprazole's half-life is short. Only very small amounts of pantoprazole are dialyzed. Although the main metabolite has a moderately delayed half-life (2 - 3 h), excretion is still rapid and thus accumulation does not occur.
Hepatic impairment
Although for patients with liver cirrhosis (classes A and B according to Child) the half-life values increased to between 7 and 9 h and the AUC values increased by a factor of 5 - 7, the maximum serum concentration only increased slightly by a factor of 1.5 compared with healthy subjects.
Older people
A slight increase in AUC and Cmax in elderly volunteers compared with younger counterparts is also not clinically relevant.
Paediatric population
Following administration of single intravenous doses of 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg pantoprazole to children aged 2 - 16 years there was no significant association between pantoprazole clearance and age or weight. AUC and volume of distribution were in accordance with data from adults.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard to humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity.
In the two-year carcinogenicity studies in rats neuroendocrine neoplasms were found. In addition, squamous cell papillomas were found in the forestomach of rats. The mechanism leading to the formation of gastric carcinoids by substituted benzimidazoles has been carefully investigated and allows the conclusion that it is a secondary reaction to the massively elevated serum gastrin levels occurring in the rat during chronic high-dose treatment. In the two-year rodent studies an increased number of liver tumors was observed in rats and in female mice and was interpreted as being due to pantoprazole's high metabolic rate in the liver.
A slight increase of neoplastic changes of the thyroid was observed in the group of rats receiving the highest dose (200 mg/kg). The occurrence of these neoplasms is associated with the pantoprazole-induced changes in the breakdown of thyroxine in the rat liver. As the therapeutic dose in man is low, no harmful effects on the thyroid glands are expected.
In animal reproduction studies, signs of slight fetotoxicity were observed at doses above 5 mg/kg.
Investigations revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or teratogenic effects. Penetration of the placenta was investigated in the rat and was found to increase with advanced gestation. As a result, concentration of pantoprazole in the foetus is increased shortly before birth.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Disodium edetate
Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vial: 2 years
After reconstitution, or reconstitution and dilution, chemical and physical in use stability has been demonstrated for 12 hours at 25 °C.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately.
If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25 °C.
Keep the vial in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
For storage conditions of the reconstituted and diluted medicinal product see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
10 ml clear glass (type I) vial with aluminium cap and grey rubber stopper containing 40 mg powder for solution for injection.
Pack sizes of 1 vial and 5 (5x1) vials with powder for solution for injection. Hospital packs: 1 vial, 5 (5x1) vials, 10 (10x1) vials and 20 (20x1) vials with powder for solution for injection.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
A ready-to-use solution is prepared by injecting 10 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for injection into the vial containing the powder. The appearance of the product after reconstitution is a clear yellowish solution. This solution may be administered directly or may be administered after mixing it with 100 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for injection or glucose 55 mg/ml (5 %) solution for injection. Glass or plastic containers should be used for dilution.
After reconstitution, or reconstitution and dilution, chemical and physical in use stability has been demonstrated for 12 hours at 25 °C.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately.
Protium should not be prepared or mixed with solvents other than those stated.
The medicine should be administered intravenously over 2-15 minutes.
The contents of the vial are for single use only. Any product that has remained in the container or the visual appearance of which has changed (e.g. if cloudiness or precipitation is observed) should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Takeda UK Limited Building 3,
Glory Park,
Glory Park Avenue,
Wooburn Green,
BUCKS,
HP10 0DF,
UK
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 16189/0036
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
1 April 2003.
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
30/09/2016