Quetiapine 100 Mg Film-Coated Tablets
Out of date information, search anotherSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Quetiapine 100 mg film-coated tablets
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each film-coated tablet contains 100 mg quetiapine as 115.13 mg of quetiapine fumarate.
Excipient: 20.699 mg lactose per tablet.
For a full list of excipients see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Film-coated tablet
White to off-white, round, biconvex film-coated tablets with cross break line on both sides.
The tablet can be divided into equal quarters.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of schizophrenia.
Treatment of bipolar disorder, including:
• Treatment of moderate to severe manic episode in bipolar disorder.
• Treatment of major depressive episodes in bipolar disorders.
• Prevention of recurrence in patients with bipolar disorder, in patients whose manic or depressive episode has responded to quetiapine treatment.
4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology Adults
For the treatment of schizophrenia quetiapine should be administered twice a day. The total daily dose for the first four days of therapy is 50 mg (Day 1), 100 mg (Day 2), 200 mg (Day 3) and 300 mg (Day 4).
From Day 4 onwards, the dose should be titrated to the usual effective dose range of 300 to 450 mg/day. Depending on the clinical response and tolerability of the individual patient, the dose may be adjusted within the range 150 to 750 mg/day.
For the treatment of moderate to severe manic episodes in bipolar disorder
quetiapine should be administered twice a day. The total daily dose for the first four days of therapy is 100 mg (Day 1), 200 mg (Day 2), 300 mg (Day 3) and 400 mg (Day 4). Further dosage adjustments up to 800 mg per day by Day 6 should be in increments of no greater than 200 mg/day.
The dose may be adjusted depending on clinical response and tolerability of the individual patient, within the range of 200 to 800 mg/day. The usual effective dose is in the range of 400 to 800 mg/day.
For the treatment of depressive episodes in bipolar disorders quetiapine should be administered once daily at bedtime. The total daily dose for the first four days of therapy is 50 mg (Day 1), 100 mg (Day 2), 200 mg (Day 3) and 300 mg (Day 4). The recommended daily dose is 300 mg quetiapine. In clinical trials, no additional benefit was seen in the 600 mg group compared to the 300 mg group (see section 5.1). Individual patients may benefit from a 600 mg dose. When treating depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, treatment should be initiated by physicians experienced in treating bipolar disorder. In individual patients, in the event of tolerance concerns, clinical trials have indicated that dose reduction to a minimum of 200 mg could be considered.
For preventing recurrence in bipolar disorder
For preventing recurrence of manic, mixed or depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, patients who have responded to quetiapine for acute treatment of bipolar disorder should continue therapy at the same dose. The dose may be adjusted depending on clinical response and tolerability of the individual patient, within the range of 300 to 800 mg/day administered twice daily. It is important that the lowest effective dose is used for maintenance therapy.
Special populations
Elderly
As with other antipsychotics and antidepressants, Quetiapine should be used with caution in the elderly, especially during the initial dosing period. The rate of dose titration may need to be slower, and the daily therapeutic dose lower, than that used in younger patients, depending on the clinical response and tolerability of the individual patient. The mean plasma clearance of quetiapine was reduced by 30 - 50 % in elderly subjects when compared to younger patients.
Efficacy and safety has not been evaluated in patients over 65 years with depressive episodes in the framework of bipolar disorder.
Renal impairment
Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic impairment
Quetiapine is extensively metabolised by the liver. Therefore, quetiapine should be used with caution in patients with known hepatic impairment, especially during the initial dosing period. Patients with known hepatic impairment should be started with 25 mg/day. The dosage should be increased daily with increments of 25 - 50 mg/day until an effective dosage, depending on the clinical response and tolerability of the individual patient.
Paediatric population
Children and adolescents
Quetiapine is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age, due to a lack of data to support use in this age group. The available evidence from placebo-controlled clinical trials is presented in sections 4.4, 4.8, 5.1 and 5.2.
Method of administration
Quetiapine can be administered with or without food.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients. Concomitant administration of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors, such as HIV-protease inhibitors, azole-antifungal agents, erythromycin, clarithromycin and nefazodone, is contraindicated (see also section 4.5).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Children and adolescents (10 to 17years of age)
Quetiapine is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age, due to a lack of data to support use in this age group. Clinical trials have shown that in addition to the known safety profile identified in adults (see section 4.8), certain adverse events occurred at a higher frequency in children and adolescents compared to adults (increased appetite, elevations in serum prolactin, and extrapyramidal symptoms) and one was identified that has not been previously seen in adult studies (increases in blood pressure). Changes in thyroid function tests have also been observed in children and adolescents.
Furthermore, the long-term safety implications of treatment on growth and maturation have not been studied beyond 26 weeks. Long-term implications for cognitive and behavioural development are not known.
In placebo-controlled clinical trials with children and adolescent patients, quetiapine was associated with an increased incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) compared to placebo in patients treated for schizophrenia and bipolar mania (see section 4.8).
Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening:
Depression in bipolar disorder is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self-harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.
In addition, physicians should consider the potential risk of suicide-related events after abrupt cessation of quetiapine treatment, due to the known risk factors for the disease being treated.
Other psychiatric conditions for which quetiapine is prescribed can also be associated with an increased risk of suicide related events. In addition, these conditions may be co-morbid with major depressive episodes. The same precautions observed when treating patients with major depressive episodes should therefore be observed when treating patients with other psychiatric disorders.
Patients with a history of suicide related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta analysis of placebo controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.
Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.
In shorter-term placebo controlled clinical studies of patients with major depressive episodes in bipolar disorder an increased risk of suicide-related events was observed in young adults patients (younger than 25 years of age) who were treated with quetiapine as compared to those treated with placebo (3.0% vs. 0%, respectively).
Somnolence and dizziness
Quetiapine treatment has been associated with somnolence and related symptoms, such as sedation (see section 4.8). In clinical trials for treatment of patients with bipolar depression, onset was usually within the first 3 days of treatment and was predominantly of mild to moderate intensity. Bipolar depression patients experiencing somnolence of severe intensity may require more frequent contact for a minimum of 2 weeks from onset of somnolence, or until symptoms improve and treatment discontinuation may need to be considered.
Quetiapine treatment has been associated with orthostatic hypotension and related dizziness (see section 4.8) which, like somnolence has onset usually during the initial dose-titration period. This could increase the occurrence of accidental injury (fall), especially in the elderly population. Therefore, patients should be advised to exercise caution until they are familiar with the potential effects of the medication.
Quetiapine should be used with caution in patients with known cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, or other conditions predisposing to hypotension. Quetiapine may induce orthostatic hypotension, especially during the initial dose-titration period and therefore dose reduction or more gradual titration should be considered if this occurs. A slower titration regimen could be considered in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease.
Seizures
In controlled clinical trials there was no difference in the incidence of seizures in patients treated with quetiapine or placebo. No data is available about the incidence of seizures in patients with a history of seizure disorder. As with other antipsychotics, caution is recommended when treating patients with a history of seizures (see section 4.8.)
Extrapyramidal symptoms
In placebo controlled clinical trials of adult patients quetiapine was associated with an increased incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) compared to placebo in patients treated for major depressive episodes in bipolar disorder (see section 4.8).
The use of quetiapine has been associated with the development of akathisia, characterised by a subjectively unpleasant or distressing restlessness and need to move often accompanied by an inability to sit or stand still. This is most likely to occur within the first few weeks of treatment. In patients who develop these symptoms, increasing the dose may be detrimental.
Tardive dyskinesia
If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear, dose reduction or discontinuation of quetiapine should be considered. The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can worsen or even arise after discontinuation of treatment (see section 4.8).
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome has been associated with antipsychotic treatment, including quetiapine (see section 4.8). Clinical manifestations include hyperthermia, altered mental status, muscular rigidity, autonomic instability, and increased creatine phosphokinase. In such an event, quetiapine should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment given.
Severe neutropenia
Severe neutropenia (neutrophil count <0.5 X 109/l) has been uncommonly reported in Quetiapine clinical trials. Most cases of severe neutropenia have occurred within a couple of months of starting therapy with quetiapine. There was no apparent dose relationship. During post-marketing experience, resolution of leucopenia and/or neutropenia has followed cessation of therapy with quetiapine. Possible risk factors for neutropenia include pre-existing low white cell count (WBC) and history of drug induced neutropenia. Quetiapine should be discontinued in patients with a neutrophil count <1.0 X 109/l. Patients should be observed for signs and symptoms of infection and neutrophil counts followed (until they exceed 1.5 X 109/l) (see section 5.1).
Interactions See also section 4.5.
Concomitant use of quetiapine with a strong hepatic enzyme inducer such as carbamazepine or phenytoin substantially decreases quetiapine plasma concentrations, which could affect the efficacy of quetiapine therapy. In patients receiving a hepatic enzyme inducer, initiation of quetiapine treatment should only occur if the physician considers that the benefits of quetiapine outweigh the risks of removing the hepatic enzyme inducer. It is important that any change in the inducer is gradual, and if required, replaced with a non-inducer (e.g. sodium valproate).
Weight
Weight gain has been reported in patients who have been treated with quetiapine, and should be monitored and managed as clinically appropriate as in accordance with utilized antipsychotic guidelines (see sections 4.8 and 5.1).
Hyperglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia and/or development or exacerbation of diabetes occasionally associated with ketoacidosis or coma has been reported rarely, including some fatal cases (see section 4.8). In some cases, a prior increase in body weight has been reported which may be a predisposing factor. Appropriate clinical monitoring is advisable in accordance with utilised antipsychotic guidelines. Patients treated with any antipsychotic agent including quetiapine, should be observed for signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia, (such as polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weakness) and patients with diabetes mellitus or with risk factors for diabetes mellitus should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control. Weight should be monitored regularly.
Lipids
Increases in triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol and decreases in HDL cholesterol have been observed in clinical trials with quetiapine (see section4.8). Lipid changes should be managed as clinically appropriate.
Metabolic Risk
Given the observed changes in weight, blood glucose (see hyperglycaemia) and lipids seen in clinical studies, patients (including those with normal baseline values) may experience worsening of the metabolic risk profile, which should be managed as clinically appropriate (see also section 4.8).
QT Prolongation
In clinical trials and use in accordance with the SPC, quetiapine was not associated with a persistent increase in absolute QT intervals. In post-marketing, QT prolongation was reported with quetiapine at the therapeutic doses (see section 4.8) and in overdose (see section 4.9). As with other antipsychotics, caution should be exercised when quetiapine is prescribed in patients with cardiovascular disease or family history of QT prolongation. Also caution should be exercised when quetiapine
is prescribed either with medicinal products known to increase QT interval or with concomitant neuroleptics, especially in the elderly, in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, congestive heart failure, heart hypertrophy, hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia (see section 4.5).
Withdrawal
Acute withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia, nausea, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, dizziness and irritability have been described after abrupt cessation of quetiapine. Gradual withdrawal over a period of at least one to two weeks is advisable (see section 4.8).
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis
Quetiapine is not approved for the treatment of dementia-related psychosis.
An approximately 3-fold increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events has been seen in randomised placebo controlled trials in the dementia population with some atypical antipsychotics. The mechanism for this increased risk is not known. An increased risk cannot be excluded for other antipsychotics or other patient populations. Quetiapine should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for stroke.
In a meta-analysis of atypical antipsychotic drugs, it has been reported that elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. However in two 10 week placebo-controlled quetiapine studies in the same patient population (n=710); mean age: 83 years; range: 56-99 years) the incidence of mortality in quetiapine-treated patients was 5.5% versus 3.2% in the placebo group. The patients in these trials died of a variety of causes that were consistent with expectations for this population. These data do not establish a causal relationship between quetiapine treatment and death in elderly patients with dementia.
Dysphagia
Dysphagia (see section 4.8) has been reported with quetiapine. Quetiapine should be used with caution in patients at risk for aspiration pneumonia.
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic drugs. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with quetiapine and preventive measures undertaken.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis has been reported in clinical trials and during the post marketing experience, however a causal relationship has not been established. Among the post marketing reports, many patients had factors which are known to be associated with pancreatitis such as increased triglycerides (see section 4.4 Lipids), gallstones, and alcohol consumption.
Additional information
Quetiapine data in combination with divalproex or lithium in acute moderate to severe manic episodes is limited; however, combination therapy was well tolerated (see sections 4.8 and 5.1). The data showed an additive effect at week 3.
Lactose
Quetiapine tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Given the primary central nervous system effects of quetiapine, quetiapine should be used with caution in combination with other centrally acting active substances and alcohol.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is the enzyme that is primarily responsible for the cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of quetiapine. In an interaction study in healthy volunteers, concomitant administration of quetiapine (dosage of 25 mg) with ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, caused a 5-to-8-fold increase in the AUC of quetiapine. On the basis of this, concomitant use of quetiapine with CYP3A4 inhibitors is contraindicated. It is also not recommended to consume grapefruit juice while on quetiapine therapy.
In a multiple dose trial in patients to assess the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine given before and during treatment with carbamazepine (a known hepatic enzyme inducer), co-administration of carbamazepine significantly increased the clearance of quetiapine. This increase in clearance reduced systemic quetiapine exposure (as measured by AUC) to an average of 13% of the exposure during administration of quetiapine alone; although a greater effect was seen in some patients. As a consequence of this interaction, lower plasma concentrations can occur, which could affect the efficacy of quetiapine therapy.
Co-administration of quetiapine and phenytoin (another microsomal enzyme inducer) caused a greatly increased clearance of quetiapine by approx. 450%. In patients receiving a hepatic enzyme inducer, initiation of quetiapine treatment should only occur if the physician considers that the benefits of quetiapine outweigh the risks of removing the hepatic enzyme inducer. It is important that any change in the inducer is gradual, and if required, replaced with a non-inducer (e.g. sodium valproate) (see also section 4.4).
The pharmacokinetics of quetiapine were not significantly altered by coadministration of the antidepressants imipramine (a known CYP2D6 inhibitor) or fluoxetine (a known CYP3A4 and CYP 2D6 inhibitor).
The pharmacokinetics of quetiapine was not significantly altered by co-administration of the antipsychotics risperidone or haloperidol. Concomitant use of quetiapine and thioridazine caused an increased clearance of quetiapine with approx. 70%.
The pharmacokinetics of quetiapine were not altered following coadministration with cimetidine.
The pharmacokinetics of lithium were not altered when co-administered with quetiapine.
The pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate and quetiapine were not altered to a clinically relevant extent when co-administered.
Formal interaction studies with commonly used cardiovascular active substances have not been performed.
Caution should be exercised when quetiapine is used concomitantly with active substances known to cause electrolyte imbalance or to increase QT interval.
There have been reports of false positive results in enzyme immunoassays for methadone and tricyclic antidepressants in patients who have taken quetiapine. Confirmation of questionable immunoassay screening results by an appropriate chromatographic technique is recommended.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
The safety and efficacy of quetiapine during human pregnancy have not yet been established. .Up to now there are not indications for harmfulness in animal tests, possible effects on the foetal eye have not been examined, though. Therefore, quetiapine should only be used during pregnancy if the benefits justify the potential risks.
Neonates exposed to antipsychotics (including Quetiapine) during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk of adverse reactions including extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms that may vary in severity and duration following delivery. There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, or feeding disorder. Consequently, newborns should be monitored carefully.
The degree to which quetiapine is excreted into human milk is unknown. Women who are breast-feeding should therefore be advised to avoid breast-feeding while taking quetiapine.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Given its primary central nervous system effects, quetiapine may interfere with activities requiring mental alertness. Therefore, patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery, until individual susceptibility to this is known.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The most commonly reported Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) with quetiapine are somnolence, dizziness, dry mouth, mild asthenia, constipation, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and dyspepsia.
As with other antipsychtics,weight gain, syncope, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, leucopenia, neutropenia and peripheral oedema, have been associated with quetiapine.
The incidences of ADRs associated with quetiapine therapy, are tabulated below according to the format recommended by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS III Working Group; 1995).
The frequencies of adverse events are ranked according to the following:
Very common (>1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>l/10000, <l/1000), very rare (<1/10000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Blood and lymphatic system disorders Very common: Decreased haemoglobin23
27 28
Common: Leucopenia , decreased neutrophil count, Eosinophils increased Uncommon: Thrombocytopenia, Anaemia, Platelet count decreased14 Rare: Agranulocytosis2Not known: Neutropenia1
Immune system disorders
Uncommon: Hypersensitivity (including allergic skin reactions) Very rare: Anaphylactic reaction6
Endocrine disorders
Common: Hyperprolactinaemia16, decreases in total T425, decreases in free T425, decreases in total T325, increases in TSH25 Uncommon: Decreases in free T3 , Hypothyroidism22
Very rare: Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Metabolism and nutritional disorders
Very common: Elevations in serum triglyceride levels11,31, Elevations in total cholesterol (predominantly LDL cholesterol) , , Decreases in HDL cholesterol , , Weight gain9,31
Common: Increased appetite, blood glucose increased to hyperglycaemic levels7,31 Uncommon: Hyponatraemia20, Diabetes mellitus1,5,6
Rare: Metabolic syndrome30
Psychiatric disorders
Common: Abnormal dreams and nightmares, suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour21
Rare: Somnambulism and related reactions such as sleep talking and sleep related eating disorder
Nervous system disorders
Very common: Dizziness4,17, somnolence2,17, headache Common: Syncope4,17, extrapyramidal symptoms1, 22 Dysarthria Uncommon: Seizure1, Restless legs syndrome, Tardive dyskinesia1,6
Cardiac disorders
Common: Tachycardia4, palpitations24 Uncommon: QT prolongation1,13,19
Eye disorders Common: Vision blurred
Vascular disorders
Common: Orthostatic hypotension4,17
Rare: Venous thromboembolism1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Common: Rhinitis, dyspnoea24
Gastrointestinal disorders Very common: Dry mouth Common: Constipation, Dyspepsia, vomiting26 Uncommon: Dysphagia8
Rare: Pancreatitis
Hepato-biliary disorders
Common: Elevations in serum transaminases (ALT, AST)3, elevations in gamma-GT levels3 Rare: Jaundice6 hepatitis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Very rare: Angioedema6, Stevens-Johnsons-Syndrom6
Unknown: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Erythema Multiforme
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Very rare: Rhabdomyolysis
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
Not known: Drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal (see 4.6)
Reproductive system and breast disorders Uncommon: Sexual dysfunction
Rare: Priapism, Galactorrhoea, breast swelling, menstrual disorder
General disorders and administration site conditions Very common: Withdrawal (discontinuation) symptoms1, 10 Common: Mild asthenia, peripheral oedema, irritability, pyrexia Rare: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10, hypothermia
Investigations
Rare: Elevations in blood creatine phosphokinase15 dizziness, and irritability. The incidence of these reactions had decreased significantly after 1 week post-discontinuation.
(11) Triglycerides >200mg/dl (>2.258 mmol/l) (patients >18 years of age) or >150 mg/dl (>1.694 mmol/l) (patients <18 years of age) on at least one occasion.
(12) Cholesterol >240mg/dl (>6.2064 mmol/l) (patients >18 years of age) or >200 mg/dl (>5.172 mmol/l) (patients <18 years of age on at least one occasion. An increase in LDL cholesterol of >30 mg/dl (>0.769mmol/l) has been very commonly observed. Mean change among patients who had this increase was 41.7mg/dl (>1.07 mmol/l).
(13) See text below.
(14) Platelets <100 x 109/l on at least one occasion.
(15) Based on clinical trial adverse event reports of blood creatine phosphokinase increase not associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
(16) Prolactin levels (patients>18 years of age): >20 pg/l (>869.56 pmol/l) males; >30 jurg/l (>1304.34 pmol/l) females at any time.
(17) May lead to falls.
(18) HDL cholesterol: <40 mg/dl (1.025 mmol/l) males; <50 mg/dl (1.282 mmol/l) females at any time.
(19) Incidence of patients who have a QTc shift from <450 msec to >450 msec with a >30 msec increase. In placebo-controlled trials with quetiapine the mean change and the incidence of patients who have a shift to a clinically significant level is similar between quetiapine and placebo.
(20) Shift from >132 mmol/L to <132 mmol/L on at least one occasion
(21) Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during quetiapine XR therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).
(22) See section 5.1
(23) Decreased haemoglobin to <13 g/dL (8.07 mmol/L) males, <12 g/dL (7.45 mmol/L) females on at least one occasion occurred in 11% of quetiapine patients in all trials including open label extensions. For these patients, the mean maximum decrease in hemoglobin at any time was -1.50 g/dL.
(24) These reports often occurred in the setting of tachycardia, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, and/or underlying cardiac/respiratory disease.
(25) Based on shifts from normal baseline to potentially clinically important value at anytime post-baseline in all trials. Shifts in total T4, free T4, total T3 and free T3 are defined as <0.8 x LLN (pmol/L) and shift in TSH is > 5 mIU/L at any time.
(26) Based upon the increased rate of vomiting in elderly patients (> 65 years
of age).
(27) Based on shifts from normal baseline to potentially clinically important value at anytime post-baseline in all trials. Shifts in WBCs are defined as < 3X109cells/L at any time.
(28) Based on shifts from normal baseline to potentially clinically important value at anytime post-baseline in all trials. Shifts in eosinophils are defined as >1x 109 cells/L at any time.
(29) Shift in neutrophils from >1.5 x 109/L at baseline to <0.5 x 109/L at any time during treatment.
(30) Based on adverse event reports of metabolic syndrome from all clinical trials with quetiapine.
(31) In some patients, a worsening of more than one of the metabolic factors of weight, blood glucose and lipids was observed in clinical studies (see section 4.4).
Cases of QT prolongation, ventricular arrhythmia, sudden unexplained death, cardiac arrest and torsades de pointes have been reported with the use of neuroleptics and are considered class effects.
Children and adolescents (10 to 17 years of age)
The same ADRs described above for adults should be considered for children and adolescents. The following table summarises ADRs that occur in a higher frequency category in children and adolescents patients (10 - 17 years of age) than in the adult population or ADRs that have not been identified in the adult population.
The frequencies of adverse events are ranked according to the following:
Very common (>1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>l/10000, <l/1000), very rare (<1/10000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Metabolism and nutritional disorders Very common: Increased appetite
Investigations
Very common: Elevations in prolactin11, increases in blood pressure12
Nervous system disorders
Very common: Extrapyramidal symptoms13
General disorders and administration site conditions Common: Irritability4
4. Note: The frequency is consistent to that observed in adults, but irritability might be associated with different clinical implications in children and adolescents as compared to adults.
4.9 Overdose
Fatal outcome has been reported in clinical trials following an acute overdose at 13.6 grams, and in postmarketing on doses as low as 6 grams of quetiapine alone. However, survival has also been reported following acute overdoses of up to 30 grams. In postmarketing experience, there have been very rare reports of overdose of quetiapine alone resulting in death or coma Additionally, the following events have been reported in the setting of monotherapy overdose with quetiapine: or QT-prolongation, seizures, status epilepticus, rhabdomyolysis, respiratory depression, urinary retention, confusion, delirium, and/or agitation.
Patients with pre-existing severe cardiovascular disease may be at an increased risk of the effects of overdose (see section 4.4).
In general, reported signs and symptoms were those resulting from an exaggeration of the drug’s known pharmacological effects, i.e. drowsiness and sedation, tachycardia and hypotension.
Management of overdose
There is no specific antidote to quetiapine. In cases of severe signs, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should be considered, and intensive care procedures are recommended, including establishing and maintaining a patent airway, ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation, and monitoring and support of the cardiovascular system. Whilst the prevention of absorption in overdose has not been investigated, gastric lavage (after intubation, if patient is unconscious) and administration of activated charcoal together with a laxative should be considered.
In cases of quetiapine overdose, refractory hypotension should be treated with appropriate measures such as intravenous fluids and/or sympathomimetic agents. Epinephrine and dopamine should be avoided, since beta stimulation may worsen hypotension in the setting of quetiapine-induced alpha blockade.
Close medical supervision and monitoring should be continued until the patient recovers.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antipsychotics; Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines
ATC code: N05A H04
Mechanism of Action
Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent. Quetiapine and the active human plasma metabolite, norquetiapine interact with a broad range of neurotransmitter receptors. Quetiapine and norquetiapine exhibit affinity for brain serotonin (5HT2) and dopamine D1- and D2- receptors. It is this combination of receptor antagonism with a higher selectivity for 5HT2 relative to D2 - receptors which is believed to contribute to the clinical antipsychotic properties and low extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability of quetiapine compared to typical antipsychotics. Additionally, norquetiapine has high affinity for the norepinephrine transporter 13 (NET). Quetiapine and norquetiapine also have high affinity at histaminergic and adrenergic a1 receptors, with a lower affinity at adrenergic a2 and serotonin 5HT1Areceptors.Quetiapine has no appreciable affinity at cholinergic muscarinic or benzodiazepine receptors.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Quetiapine is active in tests for antipsychotic activity, such as conditioned avoidance. It also blocks the action of dopamine agonists, measured either behaviourally or electrophysiologically, and elevates dopamine metabolite concentrations, a neurochemical index of D2-receptor blockade.
In pre-clinical tests predictive of EPS, quetiapine is unlike typical antipsychotics and has an atypical profile. Quetiapine does not produce dopamine D2-receptor supersensitivity after chronic administration. Quetiapine produces only weak catalepsy at effective dopamine D2-receptor blocking doses. Quetiapine demonstrates selectivity for the limbic system by producing depolarisation blockade of the mesolimbic but not the nigrostriatal dopamine-containing neurones following chronic administration. Quetiapine exhibits minimal dystonic liability in haloperidol-sensitised or drug-naive Cebus monkeys after acute and chronic administration (see section 4.8).
Clinical Efficacy
In three placebo-controlled clinical trials, in patients with schizophrenia, using variable doses of quetiapine, there were no differences between the quetiapine and placebo treatment groups in the incidence of EPS or concomitant use of anticholinergics. A placebo-controlled trial evaluating fixed doses of quetiapine across the range of 75 to 750 mg/day showed no evidence of an increase in EPS or the use of concomitant anticholinergics.
In four placebo-controlled clinical trials, evaluating doses of quetiapine up to 800 mg/day for the treatment of moderate to severe manic episodes, two each in monotherapy and as combination therapy to lithium or divalproex, there were no differences between the quetiapine and placebo treatment groups in the incidence of EPS or concomitant use of anticholinergics.
In placebo-controlled studies in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis, the incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events per 100 patient years was not higher in quetiapine-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients.
In the treatment of moderate to severe manic episodes, quetiapine demonstrated superior efficacy to placebo in reduction of manic symptoms at 3 and 12 weeks, in two monotherapy trials. There are no data from long-term studies to demonstrate quetiapine’s effectiveness in preventing subsequent manic or depressive episodes. Quetiapine data in combination with divalproex or lithium in acute moderate to severe manic episodes at 3 and 6 weeks is limited; however, combination therapy was well tolerated. The data showed an additive effect at week 3. A second study did not demonstrate an additive effect at week 6. The mean last week median dose of
quetiapine in responders was approximately 600 mg/day and approximately 85% of the responders were in the dose range of 400 to 800 mg/day.
In 4 clinical trials with a duration of 8 weeks in patients with moderate to severe depressive episodes in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, quetiapine 300 mg and 600 mg was significantly superior to placebo treated patients for the relevant outcome measures: mean improvement on the MADRS and for response defined as at least a 50% improvement in MADRS total score from baseline. There was no difference in magnitude of effect between the patients who received 300 mg quetiapine and those who received 600 mg dose.
In the continuation phase in two of these studies, it was demonstrated that long-term treatment, of patients who responded on quetiapine 300 or 600 mg, was efficacious compared to placebo treatment with respect to depressive symptoms, but not with regard to manic symptoms.
In two recurrence prevention studies evaluating quetiapine in combination with mood stabilizers, in patients with manic, depressed or mixed mood episodes, the combination with quetiapine was superior to mood stabilizers monotherapy in increasing the time to recurrence of any mood event (manic, mixed or depressed).
Quetiapine was administered twice-daily totalling 400 mg to 800 mg a day as combination therapy to lithium or valproate.
In one long-term study (up to 2 years treatment) evaluating recurrence prevention in patients with manic, depressed or mixed mood episodes quetiapine was superior to placebo in increasing the time to recurrence of any mood event (manic, mixed or depressed), in patients with bipolar I disorder. The number of patients with a mood event was 91 (22.5%) in the quetiapine group, 208 (51.5%) in the placebo group and 95 (26.1%) in the lithium treatment groups respectively. In patients who responded to quetiapine, when comparing continued treatment with quetiapine to switching to lithium, the results indicated that a switch to lithium treatment does not appear to be associated with an increased time to recurrence of a mood event.
Clinical trials have demonstrated that quetiapine is effective in schizophrenia and mania when given twice a day, although quetiapine has a pharmacokinetic half-life of approximately 7 hours. This is further supported by the data from a positron emission tomography (PET) study, which identified that for quetiapine, 5HT2-and D2-receptor occupancy are maintained for up to 12 hours. The safety and efficacy of doses greater than 800 mg/day have not been evaluated.
The long-term efficacy of quetiapine in prevention of schizophrenic relapses has not been verified in blinded clinical trials. In open label trials, in patients with schizophrenia, quetiapine was effective in maintaining the clinical improvement during continuation therapy in patients who showed an initial treatment response, suggesting some long-term efficacy.
In placebo-controlled monotherapy trials in patients with a baseline neutrophil count > 1.5 X 109/l, the incidence of at least one occurrence of neutrophil count <1.5 X 109/l, was 1.72% in patients treated with quetiapine compared to 0.73% in placebo-treated patients. In all clinical trials (placebo-controlled, open-label, active comparator; patients with a baseline neutrophil count >1.5 X 109/l), the incidence of at least one occurrence of neutrophil count <0.5 X 109/l was 0.21% in patients treated with quetiapine and 0% in placebo treated patients and the incidence >0.5 - <1.0 X 109/l was 0.75% in patients treated with quetiapine and 0.11% in placebo-treated patients.
The efficacy and safety of quetiapine was studied in a 3-week placebo controlled study for the treatment of mania (n= 284 patients from the US, aged 10-17). About 45% of the patient population had an additional diagnosis of ADHD. In addition, a 6-week placebo controlled study for the treatment of schizophrenia (n =222 patients, aged 13-17) was performed. In both studies, patients with known lack of response to quetiapine were excluded. Treatment with quetiapine was initiated at 50 mg/day and on day 2 increased to 100 mg/day; subsequently the dose was titrated to a target dose (mania 400-600 mg/day; schizophrenia 400-800 mg/day) using increments of 100 mg/day given two or three times daily.
In the mania study, the difference in LS mean change from baseline in YMRS total score (active minus placebo) was -5.21 for quetiapine 400 mg/day and -6.56 for quetiapine 600 mg/day. Responder rates (YMRS improvement >50%) were 64% for quetiapine 400 mg/day, 58% for 600 mg/day and 37% in the placebo arm.
In the schizophrenia study, the difference in LS mean change from baseline in PANSS total score (active minus placebo) was -8.16 for quetiapine 400 mg/day and -9.29 for quetiapine 800 mg/day. Neither low dose (400 mg/day) nor high dose regimen (800 mg/day) quetiapine was superior to placebo with respect to thepercentage of patients achieving response, defined as >30% reduction from baseline in PANSS total score.
Both in mania and schizophrenia higher doses resulted in numerically lower response rates.
No data are available on maintenance of effect or recurrence prevention in this age group.
A 26-week open-label extension to the acute trials (n= 380 patients), with quetiapine flexibly dosed at 400-800 mg/day, provided additional safety data. Increases in blood pressure were reported in children and adolescents and increased appetite, extrapyramidal symptoms and elevations in serum prolactin were reported with higher frequency in children and adolescents than in adult patients (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
Extrapyramidal Symptoms
In a short-term placebo-controlled monotherapy trial in adolescent patients (13-17 years of age) with schizophrenia, the aggregated incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms was 12.9% for quetiapine and 5.3% for placebo, though the incidence of the individual adverse events (e.g. akathisia, tremor, extrapyramidal disorder, hypokinesia, restlessness, psychomotor hyperactivity, muscle rigidity, dyskinesia) did not exceed 4.1% in any treatment group. In a short-term placebo-controlled monotherapy trial in children and adolescent patients (10-17 years of age) with bipolar mania, the aggregated incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms was 3.6% for quetiapine and 1.1% for placebo. In a long-term open label study of schizophrenia and bipolar mania, the aggregated incidence of treatment-emergent EPS was 10%.
Weight Gain
In short-term clinical trials in paediatric patients (10-17 years of age), 17% of quetiapine-treated patients and 2.5% of placebo-treated patients gained >7% of their body weight. When adjusting for normal growth over longer term, an increase of at least 0.5 standard deviation from baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI) was used as a measure of a clinically significant change; 18.3% of patients who were treated with quetiapine for at least 26 weeks met this criterion.
Suicide/Suicidal thoughts or Clinical worsening
In short-term placebo-controlled clinical trials in paediatric patients with schizophrenia, the incidence of suicide related events was 1.4% (2/147) for quetiapine and 1.3% (1/75) for placebo in patients <18 years of age. In short-term placebo-controlled trials in paediatric patients with bipolar mania, the incidence of suicide related events was 1.0% (2/193) for quetiapine and 0% (0/90) for placebo in patients <18 years of age.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Quetiapine is well absorbed and extensively metabolised following oral administration. The bioavailability of quetiapine is not significantly affected by administration with food. Quetiapine is approximately 83% bound to plasma proteins. Steady-state peak molar concentrations of the active metabolite norquetiapine are 35% of that observed for quetiapine. The elimination half lives of quetiapine and norquetiapine are approximately 7 and 12 hours respectively. The pharmacokinetics of quetiapine and norquetiapine are linear across the approved dosing range. The kinetics of quetiapine do not differ between men and women. The mean clearance of quetiapine in the elderly is approximately 30 to 50% lower than that seen in adults aged 18 to 65 years.
The mean plasma clearance of quetiapine was reduced by approximately 25% in subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min/1.73m2), but the individual clearance values are within the range for normal subjects. The average molar dose fraction of free quetiapine and the active human plasma metabolite norquetiapine is <5% excreted in the urine.
Quetiapine is extensively metabolised by the liver, with parent compound accounting for less than 5% of unchanged drug-related material in the urine or faeces, following the administration of radiolabelled quetiapine. Approximately 73% of the radioactivity is excreted in the urine and 21% in the faeces. The mean quetiapine plasma clearance decreases with approx. 25% in persons with known hepatic impairment (stable alcoholcirrhosis). As quetiapine is extensively metabolised by the liver, elevated plasma levels are expected in the population with hepatic impairment. Dose adjustments may be necessary in these patients (see section 4.2).
In vitro investigations established that CYP3A4 is the primary enzyme responsible for cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of quetiapine. Norquetipine is primarily formed and eliminated via CYP3A4.
Quetiapine and several of its metabolites (including norquetiapine) were found to be weak inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 activities in vitro. In vitro CYP inhibition is observed only at concentrations approximately 5 to 50 fold higher than those observed at a dose range of 300 to 800 mg/day in humans. Based on these in vitro results, it is unlikely that co-administration of quetiapine with other drugs will result in clinically significant drug inhibition of cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of the other drug. From animal studies it appears that quetiapine can induce cytochrome P450 enzymes. In a specific interaction study in psychotic patients, however, no increase in the cytochrome P450 activity was found after administration of quetiapine.
Pharmacokinetic data were sampled in 9 children aged 10-12 years old and 12 adolescents, who were on steady-state treatment with 400 mg quetiapine twice daily. At steady-state, the dose-normalised plasma levels of the parent compound, quetiapine, in children and adolescents (10-17 years of age) were in general similar to adults, though Cmax in children was at the higher end of the range observed in adults. The AUC and Cmax for the active metabolite, norquetiapine, were higher, approximately 62% and 49% in children (10-12 years), respectively and 28% and 14% in adolescents (13-17 years), respectively, compared to adults.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
There was no evidence of genotoxicity in a series of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies. In laboratory animals at a clinically relevant exposure level the following deviations were seen, which as yet have not been confirmed in long-term clinical research: In rats, pigment deposition in the thyroid gland has been observed; in cynomolgus monkeys thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy, a lowering in plasma T3 levels, decreased haemoglobin concentration and a decrease of red and white blood cell count have been observed; and in dogs lens opacity and cataracts. Taking these findings into consideration, the benefits of the treatment with quetiapine need to be balanced against the safety risks for the patient.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Cellulose, microcrystalline Lactose monohydrate Sodium starch glycolate (type-A) Povidone (K-30)
Silica, colloidal anhydrous Magnesium stearate
Film coating Hypromellose Macrogol 400 Titanium dioxide (E171)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3
6.4
Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5
Nature and contents of container
Blisters (Aluminium/PVC): 20, 50, 60, 100 film-coated tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
7
MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
TORRENT PHARMA (UK) Ltd Unit 4, Charlwood Court County Oak Way Crawley RH11 7XA United Kingdom
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16/02/2013
See section 4.4
Somnolence may occur, usually during the first two weeks of treatment and generally resolves with the continued administration of quetiapine.
Asymptomatic elevations (shift from normal to > 3 x ULN at any time) in serum transaminase (ALT , AST) or gamma-GT-levels have been observed in some patients administered quetiapine. These elevations were usually reversible on continued quetiapine treatment.
As with other antipsychotics with alpha1 adrenergic blocking activity, quetiapine may commonly induce orthostatic hypotension, associated with dizziness, tachycardia and, in some patients, syncope, especially during the initial dose-titration period (see section 4.4).
Exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes has been reported in very rare cases.
Calculation of frequency for these ADRs have only been taken from postmarketing data.
Fasting blood glucose >126mg/dl (>7.0 mmol/l) or a non fasting blood glucose >200mg/dl (>11.1.mmol/l) on at least one occasion.
An increase in the rate of dysphagia with quetiapine vs. placebo was only observed in the clinical trials in bipolar depression.
Based on > 7% increase in body weight from baseline. Occurs predominantly during the early weeks of treatment in adults.
The following withdrawal symptoms have been observed most frequently in acute placebo-controlled, monotherapy clinical trials, which evaluated discontinuation symptoms: insomnia, nausea, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting,
Prolactin levels (patients < 18 years of age): >20 ug/l (>869.56 pmol/l) males; >26 ug/l (>1130.428 pmol/l) females at any time. Less than 1% of patients had an increase to a prolactin level >100 ug/l.
Based on shifts above clinically significant thresholds (adapted from the National Institutes of Health criteria) or increases >20mmHg for systolic or >10 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure at any time in two acute (3-6 weeks) placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents.
See section 5.1.