Quinine Sulphate Tablets 300mg
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Quinine Sulphate Tablets 300mg
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each Tablet contains 300mg Quinine Sulphate.
Also contains lactose and sucrose. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Sugar coated tablets
White, round, biconvex sugar coated tablets
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
a) Treatment of uncomplicated attacks of falciparum malaria due to chloroquine or multi-drug resistant strains.
b) Treatment and prevention of nocturnal leg cramps in adults and the elderly, when cramps cause regular disruption of sleep (see section 4.2 and Section 4.4).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
For treatment of uncomplicated (falciparum) malaria:
Adult (including elderly) and children aged 12 years and over: 600mg of Quinine Sulphate every eight hours for 7 days. The dose may depend upon the size of the patient, severity of infection, and evidence of renal or liver disease (when the intervals should be increased), due to a prolonged half-life of the drug.
If quinine resistance is known or suspected on completion of the course additional treatment may be given. This may be one of the following:
1. doxycycline 200mg daily (as a single dose or in 2 divided doses) for at least 7 days.
2. clindamycin 300mg four times daily for 5 days.
Children aged 11 years and under: Equivalent of 10mg/kg Quinine Sulphate every eight hours for 7 days,
For the treatment and prevention of nocturnal leg cramps:
Adults (including elderly): The recommended dose is 200mg at bedtime. The maximum dose is 300mg.
A reduction in frequency of leg cramps may take up to 4 weeks to become apparent. Patients should be monitored closely during the early stages of treatment for adverse effects. After an initial trial of 4 weeks, treatment should be stopped if there is no benefit. Treatment should be interrupted at approximately three monthly intervals to reassess the benefit of treatment.
Method of Administration For oral administration.
4.3 Contraindications
• Known hypersensitivity to quinine or any of the excipients in the tablet
• Haemoglobinuria
• Optic neuritis
• Tinnitus
• Myasthenia gravis, quinine may cause severe respiratory distress and dysphagia in these patients.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Cinchonism
• Administration of quinine may give rise to cinchonism, which is generally more severe in overdose, but may also occur in normal therapeutic doses. Patients should be warned not to exceed the prescribed dose, because of the possibility of serious, irreversible side effects in overdose. Treatment for night cramps should be stopped if symptoms of cinchonism emerge. Such symptoms include tinnitus, impaired hearing; headache, nausea, and disturbed vision (see section 4.8 and 4.9).
Hypersensitivity
• Hypersensitivity to quinine may also occur with symptoms of cinchonism together with urticaria, flushing, pruritus, rash, fever, angioedema, dyspnoea and asthma.
Cardiac disorders
• Quinine should be used with caution in patients with atrial fibrillation or other serious heart disease. It may cause hypoprothrombinaemia.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) Deficiency
• The administration of quinine to a patient who has previously been suffering from a chronic and inadequately controlled malarial infection may precipitate an attack of blackwater fever. However, in some cases deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may have been involved. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients with malaria or taking quinine to treat leg cramps may be at increased risk of haemolysis during quinine therapy. Quinine may aggravate the symptoms of myasthenia gravis.
• Quinine can affect the results of certain urine tests for alkaloids and steroids. It may also interfere with tests for plasma catecholamines as well as slowing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
• Quinine should not be withheld from pregnant women who have life threatening malaria (see section 4.6).
• Treatment with quinine should be monitored in case signs of resistance develop.
• Before use for nocturnal leg cramps, the risks, which include significant adverse effects and interactions (see sections 4.5 and 4.8), should be carefully considered relative to the potential benefits. These risks are likely to be of particular concern in the elderly. Quinine should only be considered when cramps are very painful or frequent, when other treatable causes of cramp have been ruled out, and when non-pharmacological measures have not worked. Quinine sulphate should not be used for this indication during pregnancy (see Section 4.6).
• Quinine may cause unpredictable serious and life-threatening thrombocytopenia, which is thought to be an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction. Quinine should not be prescribed or administered to patients who have previously experienced any adverse reaction to quinine, including that in tonic water or other beverages. Patients should be instructed to stop treatment and consult a physician if signs of thrombocytopenia such as unexplained bruising or bleeding occur.
• Excessive amounts of beverages containing quinine should not be consumed while taking quinine, as this may increase the risk of adverse reactions and toxicity.
• Reduce the dosage (or increase intervals between doses) in renal or hepatic disease.
• Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the LAPP lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine, as it contains lactose.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Effect of other drugs on quinine
Quinine is metabolised via hepatic oxidative cytochrome P450 pathways, predominantly by CYP3A4. There is the potential for increased quinine toxicity with concurrent use of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, which include azole antifungal drugs and HIV protease inhibitors.
Sub-optimal quinine serum levels may result from concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers, which include rifampicin, barbiturates, carbamazepine and phenytoin.
Care should be taken when quinine is used in combination with other CYP3A4 substrates, especially those causing prolongation of the QT interval.
Effect of quinine on other drugs
The plasma concentration of mefloquine may be increased. Concomitant administration of mefloquine and quinine may produce electrocardiogram abnormalities and increase the risk of convulsions.
Amantadine: Quinine can reduce the renal clearance of amantadine.
Ciclosporin: Quinine can decrease plasma concentrations of ciclosporin.
Cardiac glycosides: Quinine increases plasma concentrations of cardiac glycosides and reduced dosage of concomitant cardiac glycosides such as digoxin to half the maintenance dose may be necessary.
Other drug interactions
There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias with other drugs which prolong the QT interval, including amiodarone, moxifloxacin, pimozide, thioridazine and halofantrine. Co-administration of other drugs known to alter cardiac conduction (e.g. anti-arrhythmic or B-adrenergic blocking agents, calcium channel blockers, some antihistamines or Hl-blocking agents, tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics) might also contribute to a prolongation of the QT interval.
Antiarrhythmics: Concomitant use of amiodarone should be avoided due to the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. The plasma concentration of flecainide is increased by quinine. Concomitant use of quinidine may increase the possibility of cinchonism.
Antibacterials: There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias when moxifloxacin is given with quinine. Rifampicin can reduced the serum levels of quinine, therefore reducing its therapeutic effect.
Concurrent use with oral hypoglycaemics may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
Anticoagulants Quinine may cause hypoprothrombinaemia and enhance the effects of anticoagulants, i.e. Warfarin.
Antihistamines: Concomitant use of terfenadine should be avoided due to the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.
Antimalarials: According to the manufacturer of artemether with lumefantrine concomitant use should be avoided. Chloroquine and quinine appear to be antagonistic when given together for P falciparum malaria. There is a decrease in plasma concentrations of primaquine.
Concomitant use of quinidine may increase the possibility of cinchonism.
Antipsychotics: There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and concomitant use should be avoided with pimozide or thioridazine.
Suxamethonium: Quinine enhances the neuromuscular effects of suxamethonium.
Ulcer-healing drugs: Clearance of quinine was reduced and half-life increased in patients pre-treated with cimetidine.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy
Quinine may cause congenital abnormalities of the CNS and extremities. Following administration of large doses during pregnancy, phototoxicity and deafness have been reported in neonates. Quinine sulphate should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks.
Treatment of falciparum malaria: Pregnancy in patients with malaria is not generally regarded as a contraindication to the use of quinine.
As malaria infection is potentially serious during pregnancy and poses a threat to the mother and foetus, there appears to be little justification in withholding treatment in the absence of a suitable alternative.
Prophylaxis of nocturnal leg-cramps: Quinine sulphate should not be used during pregnancy to treat cramps.
Lactation
Quinine sulphate is excreted in breast milk, but no problems in humans have been reported. However, quinine sulphate should not be given to nursing mothers unless the benefits outweigh the risks.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Quinine may cause visual disturbances and vertigo, hence patients should be advised that if affected they should not drive or operate machinery.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Cinchonism is more common in overdose, but may occur even after normal doses of quinine. In its mild form symptoms include tinnitus, impaired hearing, rashes, headache, nausea and disturbed vision. Its more severe manifestations symptoms may include gastrointestinal symptoms, oculotoxicity, CNS disturbances, cardiotoxicity and death (see section 4.9). Visual disorders may include blurred vision, defective colour perception, visual field constriction and total blindness.
|
MedDRA system organ class |
Adverse Reaction |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Thrombocytopenia, intravascular coagulation, hypoprothrombinaemia, haemoglobinuria, oliguria, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, pancytopenia, haemolysis, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
Immune system disorders |
Generalised hypersensitivity reactions including angioneurotic oedema, fever, asthma, photosensitivity, hot and flushed skin, pruritis, thrombocytopenic purpura and urticaria. Reports have been received of eczematous dermatitis, oedema, erythema and lichen planus. |
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Hypoglycaemia |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Agitation, confusion |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Headache, vertigo, excitement, loss of consciousness, coma and death |
|
Eye disorders |
Blurred vision, defective colour perception, visual field constriction |
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
Tinnitus, impaired hearing |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Atrioventricular conduction disturbances, hypotension, prolongation of the QT interval, widening of the QRS complex and T wave flattening |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Bronchospasm, dyspnoea |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain after long term administration of quinine |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Flushing, rash, urticaria, eczematous dermatitis, oedema, erythema, lichen planus, pruritis, photosensitivity |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Muscle weakness, aggravation of myasthenia gravis |
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Renal insufficiency, acute renal failure |
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders |
toxic doses of quinine may induce abortion, but it is unwise to withhold the drug if less toxic antimalarials are not available |
Reporting of side effects
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose Symptoms:
Quinine over dosage may lead to serious and irreversible side effects and can be fatal. In acute over dosage, symptoms of cinchonism may occur, including convulsions, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, deafness, headache, vasodilatation, disturbed vision, QT prlogation and renal failure. The visual disorders may be severe and there may be impairment of consciousness, coma, respiratory depression, arrhythmia and cardiogenic shock. Fatalities have been reported in adults after doses of 2 - 8 g. High doses of quinine are teratogenic and may cause miscarriage. Hypokalaemia and hypoglycaemia may also occur. Treatment:
Children (< 5 years) who have ingested any amount should be referred to hospital. Older children and adults should be referred to hospital if more than 30 mg/kg of quinine base has been taken.
Consider activated charcoal (50 g for adults; 1 g/kg for children) if the patient presents within 1 hour of ingestion of more than 30 mg/kg quinine base or any amount in a child under 5 years. Multiple dose activated charcoal will enhance quinine elimination.
Observe patients for at least 12 hours after ingestion. Monitor cardiac conduction and rhythm, serum electrolytes, blood glucose and visual activity.
Other treatment is mostly symptomatic to maintain blood pressure, respiration, renal function and treating arrhythmia, convulsions, hypoglycaemia and acidosis.
Note: that each 200 mg tablet is equivalent to 165 mg quinine base, each 300 mg tablet is equivalent to 248 mg quinine base.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
ATC Code: P01BC01. Quinine alkaloid
Quinine is a rapidly acting blood schizontide with activity against Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. It is active against the gametocytes of P. malariae and P. vivax, but not against P. falciparum gametocytes. Since it has no activity against exoerythrocytic forms quinine does not produce a radical cure in vivax or ovale malarias. Quinine supresses the asexual cycle of development of the malarial parasite in the erythrocytes through interference with its DNA.
On skeletal muscle quinine has dual action; it acts directly on muscle fibre and also effects muscular transmission by increasing the threshold of excitability of the motor end-plate.
5.2. Pharmacokinetic Properties
Quinine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. Peak concentrations in the circulation are attained about 1 to 3 hours after ingestion. About 70% is bound to proteins in plasma in healthy subjects rising to 90% in patients with malaria. Quinine is widely distributed throughout the body. Concentrations in CFS are 2 to 7% of those in the plasma. Quinine is extensively metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. Unchanged quinine in urine vary from less than 5 to 20%. Excretion is increased in acid urine. Elimination half-life is about 11 hours in healthy subjects but may be prolonged in patients with malaria. Pharmacokinetics arc altered significantly by malarial infection, with reduction in volume of distribution and clearance.
5.3. Preclinical Safety Data
N/A
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1. List of excipients
Maize Starch 30.0mg
Lactose 22.5mg
Opaglos 15.0mg
Sucrose 171.0mg
6.2. Incompatibilities
None known.
6.3 Shelf life
5 years
6.4. Special precautions for storage
Protect from light and moisture. Store below 25°C.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Plastic securitainer with tamper evident polypropylene lids. (Materials comply to EEC directives for plastics in contact with drugs and foodstuffs).Packed in pack Sizes: 25, 28, 50, 56,100,250, 500 and 1000. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
Blister packs of 0.25mm PVC and 20 microns Aluminium foil.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal
None
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Pharmvit Limited 177 Bilton Road Perivale, Greenford,
Middlesex UB6 7HQ
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
PL 04556/0032
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
9th April 1992
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
10/06/2014