Sevodyne 5 Micrograms/Hour Transdermal Patches

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

Sevodyne 5 microgram/hour transdermal patch

2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each transdermal patch contains 5 mg of buprenorphine in a 6.25 cm² area releasing a nominal 5 micrograms of buprenorphine per hour over a period of 7 days.

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Transdermal patch

Rectangular patch beige coloured with rounded edges and imprinted with “Buprenorphin” and “5 pg/h” in blue colour.

4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Treatment of non-malignant pain of moderate intensity when an opioid is necessary for obtaining adequate analgesia.

Sevodyne is not suitable for the treatment of acute pain.

Sevodyne is indicated in adults.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology

Patients aged 18 years and over:

The lowest Sevodyne dose (Sevodyne 5 microgram/hour transdermal patch) should be used as the initial dose. Consideration should be given to the previous opioid history of the patient (see section 4.5) as well as to the current general condition and medical status of the patient.

Titration

During initiation of treatment with Sevodyne, short-acting supplemental analgesics may be required (see section 4.5) as needed until analgesic efficacy with Sevodyne is attained.

The dose of Sevodyne may be titrated upwards as indicated after 3 days, when the maximum effect of a given dose is established. Subsequent dose increases may then be titrated based on the need for supplemental pain relief and the patient's analgesic response to the patch.

To increase the dose, a larger patch should replace the patch that is currently being worn, or a combination of patches should be applied in different places to achieve the desired dose. It is recommended that no more than two patches are applied at the same time, up to a maximum total dose of 40 microgram/hour buprenorphine. A new patch should not be applied to the same skin site for the subsequent 3-4 weeks (see section 5.2). Patients should be carefully and regularly monitored to assess the optimum dose and duration of treatment.

Sevodyne should be administered every 7^th day.

Duration of administration

Sevodyne should under no circumstances be administered for longer than absolutely necessary. If long-term pain treatment with Sevodyne is necessary in view of the nature and severity of the illness, then careful and regular monitoring should be carried out (if necessary with breaks in treatment) to establish whether and to what extent further treatment is necessary.

Discontinuation

After removal of the patch, buprenorphine serum concentrations decrease gradually and thus the analgesic effect is maintained for a certain amount of time. This should be considered when therapy with Sevodyne is to be followed by other opioids. As a general rule, a subsequent opioid should not be administered within 24 hours after removal of the patch. At present, only limited information is available on the starting dose of other opioids administered after discontinuation of the transdermal patch (see section 4.5).

Conversion from opioids

Sevodyne can be used as an alternative to treatment with other opioids. Such patients should be started on the lowest available dose (Sevodyne 5 microgram/hour transdermal patch) and continue taking short-acting supplemental analgesics (see section 4.5) during titration, as required.

Special populations

Elderly

No dosage adjustment of Sevodyne is required in elderly patients.

Renal impairment

No special dose adjustment of Sevodyne is necessary in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic impairment

Buprenorphine is metabolised in the liver. The intensity and duration of its action may be affected in patients with impaired liver function. Therefore patients with hepatic insufficiency should be carefully monitored during treatment with Sevodyne.

Patients with severe hepatic impairment may accumulate buprenorphine during Sevodyne treatment. Consideration of alternate therapy should be considered, and Sevodyne should be used with caution, if at all, in such patients.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Sevodyne in children and adolescents below 18 years of age has not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

Sevodyne is for transdermal use.

The patch must not be divided or cut into pieces. The patch should not be used if the seal is broken.

Patch application

Sevodyne should be applied to non-irritated, intact skin of the upper outer arm, upper chest, upper back or the side of the chest, but not to any parts of the skin with large scars. Sevodyne should be applied to a relatively hairless or nearly hairless skin site. If none are available, the hair at the site should be cut with scissors, not shaven.

If the application site must be cleaned, it should be done with clean water only. Soaps, alcohol, oils, lotions or abrasive devices must not be used. The skin must be dry before the patch is applied. Sevodyne should be applied immediately after removal from the sealed sachet. Following removal of the protective layer, the transdermal patch should be pressed firmly in place with the palm of the hand for approximately 30 seconds, making sure the contact is complete, especially around the edges. If the edges of the patch begin to peel off, the edges may be taped down with suitable skin tape to ensure a 7 day period of wear. The patch should be worn continuously for 7 days. Bathing, showering, or swimming should not affect the patch. If a patch falls off, a new one should be applied and worn for 7 days.

4.3 Contraindications

- hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1,

- opioid dependent patients and for narcotic withdrawal treatment,

- conditions in which the respiratory centre and function are severely impaired or may become so,

- patients who are receiving MAO inhibitors or have taken them within the last two weeks (see section 4.5)

- patients suffering from myasthenia gravis

- patients suffering from delirium tremens.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Buprenorphine should be used with particular caution in patients with acute alcohol intoxication, head injury, shock, a reduced level of consciousness of uncertain origin, intracranial lesions or increased intracranial pressure, or in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.2).

Buprenorphine may lower the seizure threshold in patients with a history of seizure disorder.

Significant respiratory depression has been associated with buprenorphine, particularly by the intravenous route. A number of overdose deaths have occurred when addicts have intravenously abused buprenorphine, usually with benzodiazepines concomitantly. Additional overdose deaths due to ethanol and benzodiazepines in combination with buprenorphine have been reported.

Since CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase concentrations of buprenorphine (see section 4.5), patients already treated with CYP3A4 inhibitors should have their dose of Sevodyne carefully titrated since a reduced dosage might be sufficient in these patients.

Buprenorphine is not recommended for analgesia in the immediate post-operative period or in other situations characterised by a narrow therapeutic index or a rapidly varying analgesic requirement.

Controlled human and animal studies indicate that buprenorphine has a lower dependence liability than pure agonist analgesics. In humans limited euphorigenic effects have been observed with buprenorphine. This may result in some abuse of the medicinal product and caution should be exercised when prescribing to patients known to have, or suspected of having, a history of drug abuse or alcohol abuse or serious mental illness.

Chronic use of buprenorphine can result in the development of physical dependence. Withdrawal (abstinence syndrome), when it occurs, is generally mild, begins after 2 days and may last up to 2 weeks. Withdrawal symptoms include agitation, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, hyperkinesia, tremor and gastrointestinal disorders.

Athletes should be aware that this medicine may cause a positive reaction to sports doping control tests.

Patients with fever or exposed to external heat:

While wearing the patch, patients should be advised to avoid exposing the application site to external heat sources, such as heating pads, electric blankets, heat lamps, sauna, hot tubs, and heated water beds, etc., as an increase in absorption of buprenorphine may occur. When treating febrile patients, one should be aware that fever may also increase absorption resulting in increased plasma concentrations of buprenorphine and thereby increased risk of opioid reactions.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Buprenorphine must not be used concomitantly with MAOIs or in patients who have received MAOIs within the previous two weeks (see section 4.3).

Effect of other active substances on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine:

Buprenorphine is primarily metabolised by glucuronidation and to a lesser extent (about 30%) by CYP3A4.

Concomitant treatment with CYP3A4 inhibitors may lead to elevated plasma concentrations with intensified efficacy of buprenorphine.

Studies with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole did not produce clinically relevant increases in mean maximum (Cmax) or total (AUC) buprenorphine exposure following buprenorphine with ketoconazole as compared to buprenorphine alone.

The interaction between buprenorphine and CYP3A4 enzyme inducers has not been studied.

Co-administration of buprenorphine and enzyme inducers (e.g. phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin and rifampicin) could lead to increased clearance which might result in reduced efficacy.

Reductions in hepatic blood flow induced by some general anaesthetics (e.g. halothane) and other medicinal products may result in a decreased rate of hepatic elimination of buprenorphine.

Pharmacodynamic interactions:

Buprenorphine should be used cautiously with:

Other central nervous system depressants: other opioid derivatives (analgesics and antitussives containing e.g. morphine, dextropropoxyphene, codeine, dextromethorphan or noscapine). Certain antidepressants, sedative H1-receptor antagonists, alcohol, anxiolytics, neuroleptics, clonidine and related substances. These combinations increase the CNS depressant activity. Benzodiazepines: This combination can potentiate respiratory depression of central origin (see section 4.4).

At typical analgesic doses buprenorphine is described to function as a pure mu receptor agonist. In buprenorphine clinical studies subjects receiving full mu agonist opioids (up to 90 mg oral morphine or oral morphine equivalents per day) were transferred to buprenorphine. There were no reports of abstinence syndrome or opioid withdrawal during conversion from entry opioid to buprenorphine (see section 4.4).

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

There are no or limited amount of data from the use of buprenorphine in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.

Towards the end of pregnancy high doses of buprenorphine may induce respiratory depression in the neonate even after a short period of administration. Long-term administration of buprenorphine during the last three months of pregnancy may cause a withdrawal syndrome in the neonate.

Therefore buprenorphine should not be used during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential who are not using effective contraception.

Breastfeeding

Buprenorphine is excreted in human milk. Studies in rats have shown that buprenorphine may inhibit lactation. Available pharmacodynamic/toxicological data in animals has shown excretion of buprenorphine in milk (see section 5.3). Therefore the use of buprenorphine during lactation should be avoided.

Fertility

No human data on the effect of buprenorphine on fertility are available. In a fertility and early embryonic development study, no effects on reproductive parameters were observed in male or female rats (see section 5.3).

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Buprenorphine has a major influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Even when used according to instructions, buprenorphine may affect the patient's reactions to such an extent that road safety and the ability to operate machinery may be impaired. This applies particularly in the beginning of treatment and in conjunction with other centrally acting substances including alcohol, tranquillisers, sedatives and hypnotics. An individual recommendation should be given by the physician. A general restriction is not necessary in cases where a stable dose is used.

Patients who are affected and experience undesirable effects (e.g. dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision) during treatment initiation or titration to a higher dose should not drive or use machines, for at least 24 hours after the patch has been removed.

This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient’s ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:

• The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive.

• Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you.

• It is an offence to drive while you have this medicine in your body over a specified limit unless you have a defence (called the ‘statutory defence’).

• This defence applies when:

o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem; and

o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Serious adverse reactions that may be associated with buprenorphine therapy in clinical use are similar to those observed with other opioid analgesics, including respiratory depression (especially when used with other CNS depressants) and hypotension (see section 4.4).

The following undesirable effects have occurred:

System	Very	Commo	Uncomm	Rare	Very	Not known
organ	commo	n	on	(>1/10,00	rare	(cannot be
class	n	(>1/100	(>1/1000	0 to	(<1/10,	estimated
MedDRA	(>1/10)	to <1/10)	to <1/100)	<1/1000)	000)	from the available data)

Immune

system

disorders

Hypersens

itivity

Anaphylac tic reaction

Anaphylact

oid

reaction

Metabolic

and

nutritiona

disorders

Anorexi

Dehydratio

Psychiatri

disorders

Confusi

on,

Depress

ion,

Insomni

Nervous

ness,

Anxiety

Sleep

disorder,

Restlessne

ss,

Agitation,

Euphoric

mood,

Affect

liability,

Hallucinat

ions,

Nightmare

Decreased

libido

Psychotic

disorder

Drug

depend

ence,

Mood

swings

Depersonal

isation

Nervous

system

disorders

Headac

he,

Dizzine

ss,

Somnol

ence

Tremor

Sedation,

Dysgeusia,

Dysarthria

Hypoaesth

esia,

Memory

impairmen

Migraine, Syncope, Abnormal coordination, Disturbanc e in

attention,

Paraesthei

Balance

disorder,

Speech

disorder

Involun

tary

muscle

contrac

tions

Convulsion

Eye

disorders

Dry eye,

Blurred

vision

Visual

disturbanc

Eyelid

oedema,

Miosis

Ear and labyrinth

Tinnitus,V

ertigo

Ear

pain

disorders
Cardiac disorders			Palpitation s, Tachycard ia	Angina pectoris
Vascular disorders			Hypotensi on, Circulator y collapse, Hypertensi on, Flushing	Vasodilata tion, Orthostatic hypotensio n
Respirator v, thoracic and mediastin al disorders		Dyspno ea	Cough, Wheezing, Hiccups	Respirator ^y depression, Respirator y failure, Asthma aggravated 5 Hyperventi lation, Rhinitis
Gastrointe stinal disorders	Constip ation, Nausea, Vomitin g	Abdomi nal pain, Diarrho ea, Dyspeps ia, Dry mouth	Flatulence	Dysphagia, Ileus		Diverticulit is
Hepatobili ary disorders						Biliary colic
Skin and subcutane ous tissue disorders	Pruritus, Erythem a	Rash, Sweatin & Exanthe ma	Dry skin, Urticaria, Dermatitis contact	Face oedema	Pustule s, Vesicle s
Musculos keletal and connectiv e tissue disorders		Muscula r weaknes s	Myalgia, Muscle spasms
Renal and urinary disorders			Urinary retention, Micturitio n disorder
Reproduct				Erectile

ive system and breast disorders				dysfunctio n, Sexual dysfunctio n
General disorders and administra tion site conditions	Applicat ion site reaction 1	Tiredne ss, Astheni c conditio ns, Peripher al oedema	Fatigue, Pyrexia, Rigors, Oedema, Drug withdrawa i syndrome, Applicatio n site dermatitis *, Chest pain	Influenza like illness
Investigati ons			Alanine aminotran sferase increased, Weight decreased
Injury, poisoning and procedura I complicati ons			Accidental injury, Fall

* In some cases delayed local allergic reactions occurred with marked signs of inflammation. In such cases treatment with buprenorphine should be terminated.

¹ Includes application site erythema, application site oedema, application site pruritus, application site rash.

Buprenorphine has a low risk of physical dependence. After discontinuation of buprenorphine, withdrawal symptoms are unlikely. This may be due to the very slow dissociation of buprenorphine from the opioid receptors and to the gradual decrease of buprenorphine plasma concentrations (usually over a period of 30 hours after removal of the last patch). However, after long-term use of buprenorphine, withdrawal symptoms similar to those occurring during opioid withdrawal, cannot be entirely excluded. These symptoms include agitation, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, hyperkinesia, tremor and gastrointestinal disorders.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme (www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard).

4.9 Overdose

Symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of other centrally acting analgesics are to be expected. These include respiratory depression, sedation, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse and marked miosis.

Treatment: Any patches should be removed from the patient's skin. A patent airway should be established and maintained, respiration should be assisted or controlled as indicated and adequate body temperature and fluid balance should be maintained. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, vasopressors and other supportive measures should be employed as indicated.

A specific opioid antagonist such as naloxone may reverse the effects of buprenorphine, although naloxone may be less effective in reversing the effects of buprenorphine than other p-opioid agonists. Treatment with continuous intravenous naloxone should begin with the usual doses but high doses may be required.

5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Analgesics, opioids, oripavine derivatives; ATC code: N02AE01

Buprenorphine is a partial agonist opioid, acting at the mu opioid receptor. It also has antagonistic activity at the kappa opioid receptor.

Efficacy has been demonstrated in seven pivotal phase III studies of up to 12 weeks duration in patients with non-malignant pain of various aetiologies. These included patients with moderate and severe OA and back pain. Buprenorphine demonstrated clinically significant reductions in pain scores (approximately 3 points on the BS-11 scale) and significantly greater pain control compared with placebo.

A long term, open-label extension study (n=384) has also been performed in patients with non-malignant pain. With chronic dosing, 63% of patients were maintained in pain control for 6 months, 39% of patients for 12 months, 13% of patients for 18 months and 6% for 21 months. Approximately 17% were stabilised on the 5 mg dose, 35% on the 10 mg dose and 48% on the 20 mg dose.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

There is evidence of enterohepatic recirculation.

Studies in non-pregnant and pregnant rats have shown that buprenorphine passes the blood-brain and placental barriers. Concentrations in the brain (which contained only unchanged buprenorphine) after parenteral administration were 2-3 times higher than after oral administration. After intramuscular or oral administration buprenorphine apparently accumulates in the foetal gastrointestinal lumen - presumably due to biliary excretion, as enterohepatic circulation has not fully developed.

Each patch provides a steady delivery of buprenorphine for up to seven days. Steady state is achieved during the first application. After removal of buprenorphine, buprenorphine concentrations decline, decreasing approximately 50% in 12 hours (range 10-24 h).

Absorption:

Following buprenorphine application, buprenorphine diffuses from the patch through the skin. In clinical pharmacology studies, the median time for “buprenorphine 10 microgram/hour” to deliver detectable buprenorphine concentrations (25 picograms/ml) was approximately 17 hours. Analysis of residual buprenorphine in patches after 7-day use shows 15% of the original load delivered. A study of bioavailability, relative to intravenous administration, confirms that this amount is systemically absorbed. Buprenorphine concentrations remain relatively constant during the 7-day patch application.

Application site:

A study in healthy subjects demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic profile of buprenorphine delivered by buprenorphine is similar when applied to upper outer arm, upper chest, upper back or the side of the chest (midaxillary line, 5th intercostal space). The absorption varies to some extent depending on the application site and the exposure is at the most approximately 26 % higher when applied to the upper back compared to the side of the chest.

In a study of healthy subjects receiving buprenorphine repeatedly to the same site, an almost doubled exposure was seen with a 14 day rest period. For this reason, rotation of application sites is recommended, and a new patch should not be applied to the same skin site for 3-4 weeks.

In a study of healthy subjects, application of a heating pad directly on the transdermal patch caused a transient 26 - 55% increase in blood concentrations of buprenorphine. Concentrations returned to normal within 5 hours after the heat was removed. For this reason, applying direct heat sources such as hot water bottles, heat pads or electric blankets directly to the patch is not recommended. A heating pad applied to a buprenorphine site immediately after patch removal did not alter absorption from the skin depot.

Distribution:

Buprenorphine is approximately 96% bound to plasma proteins.

Studies of intravenous buprenorphine have shown a large volume of distribution, implying extensive distribution of buprenorphine. In a study of intravenous buprenorphine in healthy subjects, the volume of distribution at steady state was 430 l, reflecting the large volume of distribution and lipophilicity of the active substance.

Following intravenous administration, buprenorphine and its metabolites are secreted into bile, and within several minutes, distributed into the cerebrospinal fluid. Buprenorphine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid appear to be approximately 15% to 25% of concurrent plasma concentrations.

Biotransformation and elimination:

Buprenorphine metabolism in the skin following buprenorphine application is negligible. Following transdermal application, buprenorphine is eliminated via hepatic metabolism, with subsequent biliary excretion and renal excretion of soluble metabolites. Hepatic metabolism, through CYP3A4 and UGT1A1/1A3 enzymes, results in two primary metabolites, norbuprenorphine and buprenorphine 3-O-glucuronide, respectively. Norbuprenorphine is glucuronidated before elimination. Buprenorphine is also eliminated in the faeces. In a study in post-operative patients, the total elimination of buprenorphine was shown to be approximately 551/h.

Norbuprenorphine is the only known active metabolite of buprenorphine.

Effect of buprenorphine on the pharmacokinetics of other active substances:

Based on in vitro studies in human microsomes and hepatocytes, buprenorphine does not have the potential to inhibit metabolism catalysed by the CYP450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 at concentrations obtained with use of buprenorphine 20pg/h transdermal patch. The effect on metabolism catalysed by CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 has not been studied.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Systemic toxicity and dermal toxicity

In single- and repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs and minipigs, buprenorphine caused minimal or no adverse systemic events, whereas skin irritation was observed in all species examined. Toxicological data available did not indicate a sensitising potential of the additives of the transdermal patches.

Reproductive and development toxicity

No effect on fertility or general reproductive performance was observed in rats treated with buprenorphine. In embryofoetal developmental toxicity studies conducted in rats and rabbits using buprenorphine, no embryofoetal toxicity effects were observed. In a rat pre- and post-natal developmental toxicity study with buprenorphine there was pup mortality, decreased pup body weight and concomitant maternal reduced food consumption and clinical signs.

Genotoxicity

A standard battery of genotoxicity tests indicated that buprenorphine is non-genotoxic.

Carcinogenicitv

In long-term studies in rats and mice there was no evidence of any carcinogenic potential relevant for humans.

6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Adhesive matrix (containing buprenorphine): povidone K90 levulinic acid oleyl oleate

PoMacrvlic acid-co-butvlacrvlate-co-(2-ethvlhexvl)acrvlate-co-vinvlacetate1 (5:15:75:5)

Adhesive matrix (without buprcnorphinc):

Polvr(2-ethvlhexvl)acrvlate-co-glvcidvlmethacrvlate-co-(2-hvdroxvethvl)acrvlate-co-vinvlacetatel (68:0,15:5:27)

Separating foil between adhesive matrices with and without buprenorphine: polv(ethvlene terephthalate) film

Backing foil: polvester

Release liner: polv(ethvlene terephthalate) film, siliconised blue printing ink

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable

6.3 Shelf life

21 months

6.4 Special precautions for storage

Do not store above 25°C.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

Each child-proof sachet is made of a composite laver material consisting of Paper/ PET/ PE/ Aluminium/ Polv(acrvlic acid-co-ethvlene) (=Surlvn). One sachet contains one transdermal patch.

Pack sizes:

Packs containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 10 or 12 individual^ sealed transdermal patches.

Not all pack sizes mav be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

When changing the patch, the used patch should be removed, the adhesive layer folded inwards on itself, and the patch disposed of safely.

7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Aspire Pharma Ltd Bellamy House Winton Road Petersfield Hampshire GU32 3HA United Kingdom

8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

PL 35533/0059

9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

02/06/2016

10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

02/06/2016