Vibrox 100mg Capsules
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Doxycycline 100mg Capsules and Vibrox 100mg Capsules
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each capsule contains 100mg doxycycline base as doxycycline hyclate.
Excipient with known effect: Each capsule contains sucrose.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Hard gelatin capsule
Hard gelatin capsule with opaque green cap and opaque green body with “100mg” printed in white ink.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Doxycycline has been found clinically effective in the treatment of a variety of infections caused by susceptible strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and certain other microorganisms.
Respiratory tract infections
Pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections due to susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and other organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Treatment of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis.
Urinary tract infections
Infections caused by susceptible strains of Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis and other organisms.
Sexually transmitted diseases
Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis including uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infections. Non-gonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma). Doxycycline is also indicated in chancroid, granuloma inguinale and lymphogranuloma venereum. Doxycycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of gonorrhoea and syphilis.
Dermatological infections
Acne vulgaris when antibiotic therapy is considered necessary.
Since Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline group of antibiotics, it may be expected to be useful in the treatment of infections, which respond to other tetracyclines, such as:
Ophthalmic infections
Due to susceptible strains of gonococci, staphylococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Doxycycline Capsules are indicated in the treatment of trachoma, although the infectious agent is not always eliminated, as judged by immunofluorescence.
Rickettsial infections
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus group, Q fever, Coxiella endocarditis and tick fevers. Other infections
Psittacosis, cholera, meliodosis, leptospirosis, other infections due to susceptible strains of Yersinia species, Brucella species (in combination with Streptomycin), Clostridium species, Francisella tularensis and chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.
Doxycycline Capsules are indicated for prophylaxis in the following conditions: Scrub typhus, travellers diarrhoea (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli), leptospirosis.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
The capsules should be swallowed with plenty of fluid in either the resting or standing position and well before going to bed for the night to reduce the likelihood of oesophageal irritation and ulceration.
If gastric irritation occurs, it is recommended that Doxycycline Capsules be given with food or milk. Studies indicate that the absorption of doxycycline is not notably influenced by simultaneous ingestion of food or milk.
Posology
Adults
The usual dosage of Doxycycline for the treatment of acute infections in adults is 200mg on the first day (as a single dose or in divided doses) followed by a maintenance dose of 100mg/day. In the management of more severe infections (particularily chronic infections of the urinary tract), 200mg daily should be given throughout the treatment period.
Exceeding the recommended dosage may result in an increased incidence of side effects. Therapy should be continued for at least 24 to 48 hours after the symptoms and fever have subsided.
When used in streptococcal infections, therapy should be continued for 10 days to prevent the development of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
Dosage recommendations in specific infections:
Acne vulgaris
50mg daily with food or fluid for 6 to 12 weeks.
Sexually transmitted diseases
100mg twice daily for 7 days is recommended in the following infections: uncomplicated gonococcal infections (except anorectal infections in men); uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis; non-gonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum. Acute epididymo-orchitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoea 100mg twice daily for 10 days.
Primary and secondary syphilis:300mg a day in divided doses for at least 10 days.
Louse and tick-borne relapsing fevers A single dose of 100mg or 200mg according to severity.
Treatment of chloroquine-resistantfalciparum malaria
200mg daily for at least 7 days. Due to the potential severity of the infection, a rapid-acting schizonticide such as quinine should always be given in conjunction with Doxycycline; quinine dosage recommendations vary in different areas.
Prophylaxis of malaria
100mg daily in adults and children over the age of 12 years. Prophylaxis can begin 1-2 days before travel to malarial areas. It should be continued daily during travel in the malarial areas and for 4 weeks after the traveller leaves the malarial area. For current advice on geographical resistance patterns and appropriate chemoprophylaxis, current guidelines or the Malaria
Reference Laboratory should be consulted, details of which can be found in the British National Formulary (BNF).
For the prevention of scrub typhus 200mg as a single dose.
For the prevention of travellers' diarrhoea in adults
200mg on the first day of travel (administered as a single dose or as 100mg every 12 hours) followed by 100mg daily throughout the stay in the area. Data on the use of the drug prophylactically are not available beyond 21 days.
For the prevention of leptospirosis
200mg once each week throughout the stay in the area and 200mg at the completion of the trip. Data on the use of the drug prophylactically are not available beyond 21 days.
Children
Not recommended.
Elderly patients
Doxycycline may be prescribed in the usual dose with no special precautions. No dosage adjustment is necessary in the presence of renal impairment.
Renal impairment: Studies to date have indicated that administration of doxycycline at the usual recommended doses does not lead to excessive accumulation of the antibiotic in patients with renal impairment.
The anti-anabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in blood urea. Studies to date indicate that this does not occur with the use of doxycycline in patients with impaired renal function.
Haemodialysis does not alter the serum half-life of doxycycline.
4.3 Contraindications
Persons who have shown hypersensitivity to doxycycline or any of the excipients listed in section 6.1 or to any of the tetracyclines
Sucrose intolerance
Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose galactose malabsorption or sucrose-isomaltase insufficiency should not take doxycycline.
The use of drugs of the tetracycline class during tooth development (pregnancy, infancy and childhood to the age of 12 years) may cause permanent discolouration of the teeth (yellow-grey-brown). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drugs but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. Doxycycline is therefore contraindicated in these groups of patients.
Pregnancy
Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy (see section 4.6). It appears that the risks associated with the use of tetracyclines during pregnancy are predominantly due to effects on teeth and skeletal development (see above about use during tooth development).
Nursing mothers
Tetracyclines are excreted into milk and are therefore contraindicated in nursing mothers (see above about use during tooth development).
Children under 12 years of age
Doxycycline is contraindicated in children under the age of 12 years. As with other tetracyclines, Doxycycline forms a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in premature infants given oral tetracyclines in doses of 25mg/kg every 6 hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued (see above about use during tooth development).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Use in patients with impaired hepatic function
Doxycycline should be administered with caution to patients with hepatic impairment or those receiving potentially hepatotoxic drugs.
Abnormal hepatic function has been reported rarely and has been caused by both the oral and parenteral administration of tetracyclines, including doxycycline.
Use in patients with renal impairment
Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal renal function. This percentage excretion may fall to a range as low as 1-5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10ml/min). Studies have shown no significant difference in the serum half-life of doxycycline in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function. Haemodialysis does not alter the serum half-life of doxycycline. The anti-anabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in blood urea. Studies to date indicate that this anti-anabolic effect does not occur with the use of Doxycycline in patients with impaired renal function.
Photosensitivity
Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines, including doxycycline. Patients likely to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema.
Microbiological overgrowth
The use of antibiotics may occasionally result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms including Candida. If a resistant organism appears, the antibiotic should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including doxycycline, and has ranged in severity from mild to life-threatening. It is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhoea subsequent to the administration of antibacterial agents.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibiotics, including doxycycline, and has ranged in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C difficile. C difficile produces toxins A and B, which contribute to development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD should be considered in all patients who present with diarrhoea after antibiotic treatment. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
Oesophagitis
Instances of oesophagitis and oesophageal ulcerations have been reported in patients receiving capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline class, including doxycycline. Most of these patients took medications immediately before going to bed or with inadequate amounts of fluid.
Bulging fontanelles
Bulging fontanellesjn infants and benign intracranial hypertension in juveniles and adults have been reported in individuals receiving full therapeutic dosages. These conditions disappeared rapidly when the drug was discontinued.
Porphyria
There have been rare reports of porphyria in patients receiving tetracyclines.
Venereal disease
When treating venereal disease, where co-existent syphilis is suspected, proper diagnostic procedures, including dark-field examinations, should be utilised. In such cases monthly serological tests should be performed for at least four months.
Beta-haemolytic streptococci infections
Infections due to Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci should be treated for at least 10 days.
Myasthenia gravis
Due to a potential for weak neuromuscular blockade, care should be taken in administering tetracyclines to patients with myasthenia gravis.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Tetracyclines can cause exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methoxyflurane
Caution is advised in administering tetracyclines with methoxyflurane (see section 4.5).
4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The absorption of doxycycline may be impaired by concurrently administered antacids containing aluminium, calcium, magnesium or other drugs containing these cations; oral zinc, iron salts or bismuth preparations. Dosages should be maximally separated.
Ergotamine and methysergide
There is an increased risk of ergotism when doxycycline is co-administered with ergotamine and methysergide.
Methotrexate
Doxycycline increases the risk of methotrexate toxicity; prescribe with caution to patients on methotrexate.
Kaolin and sucralfate may reduce the absorption of doxycycline.
Quinapril contains magnesium carbonate and may interfere with the absorption of doxycycline.
Since bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin, it is advisable to avoid giving Doxycycline in conjunction with penicillin.
There have been reports of prolonged prothrombin time in patients taking warfarin and doxycycline. Tetracyclines depress plasma prothrombin activity and reduced dosage of concomitant anti-coagulants may be necessary.
The serum half-life of doxycycline may be shortened when patients are concurrently receiving barbiturates, carbamazepine, primidone or phenytoin. An increase in the daily dosage of Doxycycline should be considered.
Alcohol may decrease the half-life of doxycycline.
A few cases of pregnancy or breakthrough bleeding have been attributed to the concurrent use of tetracycline antibiotics with oral contraceptives.
Doxycycline may increase the plasma concentration of ciclosporin. Co-administration should only be undertaken with appropriate monitoring.
Drugs that induce hepatic enzymes such as rifampicin may accelerate the decomposition of doxycycline, thereby decreasing its half-life. Sub-therapeutic doxycycline concentrations may result. Monitoring concurrent use is advised and an increase in doxycycline dose may be required.
There is a possible increased risk of benign intra-cranial hypertension when doxycycline given with retinoids. Concomitant use should be avoided.
The concurrent use of tetracyclines and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity (see section 4.4).
Antibacterials inactivate oral typhoid vaccines. Avoid administration of vaccine during treatment with doxycycline.
Laboratory test interactions
False elevations of urinary catecholamine levels may occur due to interference with the fluorescence test.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation.
See section 4.3.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
The effect of doxycycline on the ability to drive or operate heavy machinery has not been studied. There is no evidence to suggest that doxycycline may affect these abilities.
4.8 Undesirable effects
The following adverse reactions have been observed in patients receiving tetracyclines, including doxycycline.
Infections and infestations
Superinfection: As with all antibiotics, overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms may cause candidiasis, glossitis, staphylococcal enterocolitis, pseudomembranous colitis (with Clostridium difficile overgrowth) and inflammatory lesions (with candidal overgrowth) in the anogenital region.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, porphyria, and eosinophilia have been reported with tetracyclines.
Immune system disorders
Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid reaction, anaphylactoid purpura, hypotension, pericarditis, angioneurotic oedema, exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus, dyspnoea, serum sickness, peripheral oedema, tachycardia and urticaria.
Endocrine disorders
When given over prolonged periods, tetracyclines have been reported to produce brown-black microscopic discolouration of thyroid tissue. No abnormalities of thyroid function are known to occur.
Nervous system disorders
Headache, bulging fontanelles in infants and benign intracranial hypertension in juveniles and adults have been reported in individuals receiving full therapeutic dosages of tetracyclines. In relation to benign intracranial hypertension, symptoms included blurring of vision, scotomata diplopia and permanent visual loss has been reported.
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Tinnitus
Gastrointestinal disorders
Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually mild and seldom necessitate discontinuation of treatment. They include abdominal pain, stomatitis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and rarely dysphagia. Oesophagitis and oesophageal ulceration have been reported in patients receiving doxycycline. A significant proportion of these occurred with the hydrochloride salt in the capsule form (see section 4.4). Tetracyclines may cause discoloration of teeth and enamel hypoplasia, but usually only after long-term use.
Hepatobiliary disorders
There have been rare reports of hepatotoxicity with transient increases in liver function tests, hepatitis, jaundice, hepatic failure and pancreatitis.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rashes including maculopapular and erythematous rashes, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported. Photosensitivity skin reactions (see section 4.4) and photo-onycholysis.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Arthralgia and myalgia
Renal and urinary system disorders Increased blood urea (see section 4.4).
Reproductive system and breast disorders Vaginitis
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the yellow card scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
4.9 Overdose
Acute overdosage with antibiotics is rare. In the event of overdosage discontinue medication. Gastric lavage plus appropriate supportive treatment is indicated.
Dialysis does not alter serum half-life and thus would not be of benefit in treating cases of overdosage.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: tetracyclines, ATC code: J01AA02
As an antibiotic, doxycycline exerts its antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis and is considered to be primarily bacteriostatic.
Doxycycline is clinically effective in the treatment of a variety of infections caused by a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as certain other micro-organisms.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
Absorption is rapid (effective concentrations are attained as from the first hour), and the peak serum concentration occurs after 2 to 4 hours.
Almost all of the product is absorbed in the upper part of the digestive tract.
Absorption is not modified by administration with meals, and milk has little effect.
Distribution
In adults, an oral dose of 200 mg results in;
- A peak serum concentration of more than 3 pg/ml
- A residual concentration of more than 1 pg/ml after 24 hours
- A serum half-life of 16 to 22 hours.
- Protein binding varying between 82 and 93% (labile binding) intra- and extracellular diffusion is good.
With usual dosages, effective concentrations are found in the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, placenta, testicles, prostate, bladder, kidneys, lung tissue, skin, muscles, lymph glands, sinus secretions, maxillary sinus, nasal polyps, tonsils, liver, hepatic and gallbladder bile, gallbladder, stomach, appendix, intestine, omentum, saliva and gingival fluid. Doxycycline is transferred into breast milk.
Only small amounts are diffused into the cerebrospinal fluid.
Excretion
The antibiotic is concentrated in the bile. About 40% of the administered dose is eliminated in 3 days in active form in the urine and about 32% in the faeces.
Urinary concentrations are roughly 10 times higher than plasma concentrations at the same time. In the presence of impaired renal function, urinary elimination decreases, faecal elimination increases and the half-life remains unchanged. The half-life is not affected by haemodialysis.
Not Applicable
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Sugar Sphere Crospovidone Polymethacrylate Talc
Capsules shell Indigo carmine (E132)
Yellow iron oxide (E172)
Black iron oxide (E172)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Gelatin
Printing ink
Shellac
Ethyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol n - Butyl Alcohol Propylene Glycol Ammonium Hydroxide Purified Water Potassium Hydroxide Titanium dioxide (E171)
6.2 Incompatibilities
None Stated
6.3 Shelf life
5 years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 25oC.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Doxycycline capsules are packed in blister packs made of one sheet of 200 micron rigid, opaque white polyvinyl chloride and a second sheet of 20 micron aluminium.
Pack size: 8, 10, 14 and 50 capsule.
Special precautions for disposal and other handling
6.6
No special requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd,
Unit 200, Westminster 42,
Westminster Industrial Estate,
Repton Road, Measham,
Swadlincote, DE12 7DT, U.K
8. Marketing Authorisation Number
PL 08215/0009
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 03/08/2009 Date of last renewal: 08/04/2009
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
03/07/2015