Aloflute 25 Microgram/250 Microgram Per Metered Dose Pressurised Inhalation Suspension
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Aloflute 25 microgram/250 microgram per metered dose pressurised inhalation, suspension
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each metered dose (ex valve) contains: 25 micrograms of salmeterol (as salmeterol xinafoate) and 250 micrograms of fluticasone propionate. This is equivalent to a delivered dose (ex actuator) of 21 micrograms of salmeterol and 220 micrograms of fluticasone propionate.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Pressurised inhalation, suspension.
The canister contains a white to off white suspension.
The canisters are fitted into white plastic actuators incorporating an atomising orifice and fitted with burgundy dustcaps.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Aloflute is indicated in the regular treatment of asthma where use of a combination product (long-acting p2 agonist and inhaled corticosteroid) is appropriate:
- patients not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and 'as needed' inhaled short-acting p2 agonist
or
patients already adequately controlled on both inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting p2 agonist
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Aloflute is indicated in adults 18 years of age and older only.
Aloflute is not indicated for use in children, 12 years of age and younger or adolescents, 13 to 17 years of age.
Posology
Route of administration: Inhalation use.
Patients should be made aware that Aloflute must be used daily for optimum benefit, even when asymptomatic.
Patients should be regularly reassessed by a doctor, so that the strength of Aloflute they are receiving remains optimal and is only changed on medical advice. The dose should be titrated to the lowest dose at which effective control of symptoms is maintained. To Note: Aloflute is only available in two strengths, it is not available in a lower strength product containing salmeterol 25 microgram and fluticasone propionate 50 microgram, a strength which is available for other similar fixed-dose combination products containing these two actives and currently available on the market. Therefore, when it is appropriate to titrate down to a dose of inhaled corticosteroid below 125 micrograms, a change to an alternative fixed-dose combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate containing a lower dose of the inhaled corticosteroid is required.
When long-term control of symptoms is maintained with the lowest strength of such an alternative fixed-dose combination given twice daily, then the next step could include a test of inhaled corticosteroid alone. As an alternative, patients requiring a long-acting p2 agonist rather than treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid alone, could be titrated to once daily use of this alternative lowest strength combination product if, in the opinion of the prescriber, it would be adequate to maintain disease control. In the event of once daily dosing when the patient has a history of nocturnal symptoms the dose should be given at night and when the patient has a history of mainly daytime symptoms the dose should be given in the morning.
Aloflute should not be used for patients with mild asthma. Aloflute could be considered for use in patients with moderate persistent asthma but only where control of symptoms cannot be maintained with a lower strength product containing a lower dose of the corticosteroid
Patients should be given the strength of Aloflute containing the appropriate fluticasone propionate dosage for the severity of their disease. If an individual patient should require dosages outside the recommended regimen, appropriate doses of p2 agonist and/or corticosteroid should be prescribed.
Recommended Doses:
Adults 18 years and older:
- Two inhalations of 25 micrograms salmeterol and 250 micrograms fluticasone propionate twice daily.
A short term trial of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate may be considered as initial maintenance therapy in adults with moderate persistent asthma (defined as patients with daily symptoms, daily rescue use and moderate to severe airflow limitation) for whom rapid control of asthma is essential. In these cases, the recommended initial dose is two inhalations of 25 micrograms salmeterol and 50 micrograms fluticasone propionate twice daily. To Note: Aloflute is not available in the lowest strength of this combination as currently available on the market and therefore an alternative fixed-dose combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate containing a lower dose of the inhaled corticosteroid would need to be prescribed for the initial maintenance therapy in adults with moderate persistent asthma. The dose of the inhaled corticosteroid may need to be increased to achieve control of asthma symptoms but once control is attained treatment should be reviewed and the dose of the inhaled corticosteroid titrated downwards to the lowest dose at which effective control of symptoms is maintained. Consideration may be given as to whether patients should be stepped down to an inhaled corticosteroid alone from the lowest strength combination product. Regular review of patients as treatment is stepped down is important.
A clear benefit has not been shown as compared to inhaled fluticasone propionate alone used as initial maintenance therapy when one or two of the criteria of severity are missing. In general inhaled corticosteroids remain the first line treatment for most patients. Aloflute is not intended for the initial management of mild asthma. It is recommended to establish the appropriate dosage of inhaled corticosteroid before any fixed-combination can be used in patients with severe asthma.
Paediatric population:
The safety and efficacy of Aloflute in children, 12 years and younger and adolescents, 13-17 years of age have not been established. No data are available. Aloflute is not recommended for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age.
Use of an AeroChamber Plus® spacer device with Aloflute is recommended in patients who have, or are likely to have, difficulties in coordinating actuation with inspiration. Only the AeroChamber Plus® spacer device should be used with Aloflute. Other spacing devices should not be used with Aloflute and patients should not switch from one spacer device to another. Patients should be instructed in the proper use and care of their inhaler and spacer and their technique checked to ensure optimum delivery of the inhaled drug to the lungs. Patients should use the recommended spacer device as switching to another spacer device can result in changes in the dose delivered to the lungs (see section 4.4).
Re-titration to the lowest effective dose should always be carried out when patients who have previously used an alternative product and spacer device are then transferred to Aloflute with or without the AeroChamber Plus® spacer device.
Special patient groups:
There is no need to adjust the dose in elderly patients or in those with renal impairment. There are no data available for use of Aloflute in patients with hepatic impairment.
Instructions for Use:
Patients should be instructed in the proper use of their inhaler (see patient information leaflet).
During inhalation, the patient should preferably sit or stand.
The inhaler has been designed for use in a vertical position.
Testing the inhaler:
Before using the inhaler for the first time patients should test that it is working. Patients should remove the mouthpiece cover by gently squeezing the sides of the cover, hold the inhaler between the fingers and thumb with their thumb on the base, below the mouthpiece. To make sure that the inhaler works, the patient should shake it well, point the mouthpiece away from them and press the canister firmly to release a puff into the air. These steps should be repeated at least three times, shaking the inhaler before releasing each puff, until the counter reads 120.
If the inhaler has not been used for a week or more, or the inhaler gets very cold (below 0°C) the mouthpiece cover should be removed, the patient should shake the inhaler well and should release two puffs into the air.
Each time the inhaler is activated the number on the counter will count down by one.
Use of the inhaler:
1. Patients should remove the mouthpiece cover by gently squeezing the sides of the cover.
2. Patients should check inside and outside of the inhaler including the mouthpiece for the presence of loose objects.
3. Patients should shake the inhaler well to ensure that any loose objects are removed and that the contents of the inhaler are evenly mixed.
4. Patients should hold the inhaler upright between fingers and thumb with their thumb on the base, below the mouthpiece.
5. Patients should breathe out as far as is comfortable and then place the mouthpiece in their mouth between their teeth and close their lips around it. Patients should be instructed not to bite the mouthpiece.
6. Just after starting to breathe in through their mouth, patients should press firmly down on the top of the inhaler to release the medicine while still breathing in steadily and deeply.
7. While holding their breath, patients should take the inhaler from their mouth and take their finger from the top of the inhaler. Patients should continue holding their breath for as long as is comfortable.
To take a second inhalation, patients should keep the inhaler upright and wait about half a minute before repeating steps 3 to 7.
9. Patients should immediately replace the mouthpiece cover by firmly pushing and snapping the cap into position. This does not require excessive force, the cover should click into position.
IMPORTANT
Patients should not rush stages 5, 6 and 7. It is important that patients start to breathe in as slowly as possible just before operating their inhaler. Patients should practise in front of a mirror for the first few times. If they see "mist" coming from the top of their inhaler or the sides of their mouth they should start again from stage 3.
Patients should rinse their mouth out with water and spit out, and/or brush their teeth after each dose of medicine, in order to minimise the risk of oropharyngeal candidiasis and hoarseness.
Patients should consider getting a replacement when the counter shows the number 20. The counter will stop at 0 when all the recommended puffs have been used. Replace the inhaler when the counter reads 0.
Patients should never try to alter the numbers on the counter or detach the counter from the actuator. The counter cannot be reset and is permanently attached inside the actuator.
Cleaning (also detailed in patient information leaflet):
Your inhaler should be cleaned at least once a week.
1. Remove the mouthpiece cover.
2. Do not remove the canister from the plastic casing.
3. Wipe the inside and outside of the mouthpiece and the plastic casing with a dry cloth or tissue.
4. Replace the mouthpiece cover. This does not require excessive force, the cover should click into position.
DO NOT WASH OR PUT ANY PARTS OF THE INHALER IN WATER.
4.3 Contraindications
Aloflute is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity (allergy) to any of the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Aloflute should not be used to treat acute asthma symptoms for which a fast-and short- acting bronchodilator is required. Patients should be advised to have their inhaler to be used for relief in an acute asthma attack available at all times.
Patients should not be initiated on Aloflute during an exacerbation, or if they have significantly worsening or acutely deteriorating asthma.
Serious asthma-related adverse events and exacerbations may occur during treatment with Aloflute. Patients should be asked to continue treatment but to seek medical advice if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled or worsen after initiation on Aloflute.
Increased requirements for use of reliever medication (short-acting bronchodilators), or decreased response to reliever medication indicate
deterioration of asthma control and patients should be reviewed by a physician.
Sudden and progressive deterioration in control of asthma is potentially life-threatening and the patient should undergo urgent medical assessment. Consideration should be given to increasing corticosteroid therapy.
Once asthma symptoms are controlled, consideration may be given to gradually reducing the dose of Aloflute. Regular review of patients as treatment is stepped down is important. The lowest effective dose of the combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate (which may mean a change to an alternative fixed-dose combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate containing a lower dose of the inhaled corticosteroid) should be used (see section 4.2).
Treatment with Aloflute should not be stopped abruptly due to risk of exacerbation. Therapy should be down-titrated under physician supervision.
As with all inhaled medication containing corticosteroids, Aloflute should be administered with caution in patients with active or quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis and fungal, viral or other infections of the airway. Appropriate treatment should be promptly instituted, if indicated.
Rarely, Aloflute may cause cardiac arrhythmias e.g. supraventricular tachycardia, extrasystoles and atrial fibrillation, and a mild transient reduction in serum potassium at high therapeutic doses. Aloflute should be used with caution in patients with severe cardiovascular disorders or heart rhythm abnormalities and in patients with diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, uncorrected hypokalaemia or patients predisposed to low levels of serum potassium.
There have been very rare reports of increases in blood glucose levels (see section 4.8) and this should be considered when prescribing to patients with a history of diabetes mellitus.
As with other inhalation therapy paradoxical bronchospasm may occur with an immediate increase in wheezing and shortness of breath after dosing. Paradoxical bronchospasm responds to a rapid-acting bronchodilator and should be treated straightaway. Aloflute should be discontinued immediately, the patient assessed and alternative therapy instituted if necessary.
The pharmacological side effects of p2 agonist treatment, such as tremor, palpitations and headache, have been reported, but tend to be transient and reduce with regular therapy.
Systemic effects may occur with any inhaled corticosteroid, particularly at high doses prescribed for long periods. These effects are much less likely to occur than with oral corticosteroids. Possible systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, decrease in bone mineral density, cataract and glaucoma and more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression (particularly in children) (see Paediatric population sub-heading below for information on the systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids in children and adolescents). It is important, therefore, that the patient is reviewed regularly and the dose of inhaled corticosteroid is reduced to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained.
Prolonged treatment of patients with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids may result in adrenal suppression and acute adrenal crisis. Very rare cases of adrenal suppression and acute adrenal crisis have also been described with doses of fluticasone propionate between 500 and less than 1000 micrograms. Situations, which could potentially trigger acute adrenal crisis, include trauma, surgery, infection or any rapid reduction in dosage. Presenting symptoms are typically vague and may include anorexia, abdominal pain, weight loss, tiredness, headache, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, decreased level of consciousness, hypoglycaemia, and seizures. Additional systemic corticosteroid cover should be considered during periods of stress or elective surgery.
Systemic absorption of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate is largely through the lungs. As the use of a spacer device with a metered dose inhaler may increase drug delivery to the lungs it should be noted that this could potentially lead to an increase in the risk of systemic adverse effects. Single dose pharmacokinetic data have demonstrated that the systemic exposure to salmeterol and fluticasone propionate may be increased as much as two-fold when the AeroChamber Plus® spacer device is used with a fixed-dose combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate as compared with the Volumatic® spacer device.
The benefits of inhaled fluticasone propionate therapy should minimise the need for oral steroids, but patients transferring from oral steroids may remain at risk of impaired adrenal reserve for a considerable time. Therefore these patients should be treated with special care and adrenocortical function regularly monitored. Patients who have required high dose emergency corticosteroid therapy in the past may also be at risk. This possibility of residual impairment should always be borne in mind in emergency and elective situations likely to produce stress, and appropriate corticosteroid treatment must be considered. The extent of the adrenal impairment may require specialist advice before elective procedures.
Ritonavir can greatly increase the concentration of fluticasone propionate in plasma. Therefore, concomitant use should be avoided, unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of systemic corticosteroid side effects. There is also an increased risk of systemic side effects when combining fluticasone propionate with other potent CYP3A inhibitors (see section 4.5). There was an increased reporting of lower respiratory tract infections (particularly pneumonia and bronchitis) in a 3 year study in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) receiving salmeterol and fluticasone propionate as a fixed-dose combination administered via the Diskus®/Accuhaler® compared with placebo (see section 4.8). In a 3-year COPD study, older patients, patients with a lower body mass index (<25 kg/m ) and patients with very severe disease (FEV1<30% predicted) were at greatest risk of developing pneumonia regardless of treatment. Physicians should remain vigilant for the possible development of pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in patients with COPD as the clinical features of such infections and exacerbation frequently overlap. If a patient with severe COPD has experienced pneumonia the treatment with Aloflute should be re-evaluated. The safety and efficacy of Aloflute has not been established in patients with COPD and therefore Aloflute is not indicated for use in the treatment of patients with COPD.
Data from a large clinical trial (the Salmeterol Multi-Center Asthma Research Trial, SMART) suggested African-American patients were at increased risk of serious respiratory-related events or deaths when using salmeterol compared with placebo (see section 5.1). It is not known if this was due to pharmacogenetic or other factors. Patients of black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry should therefore be asked to continue treatment but to seek medical advice if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled or worsen whilst using Aloflute.
Concomitant use of systemic ketoconazole significantly increases systemic exposure to salmeterol. This may lead to an increase in the incidence of systemic effects (e.g. prolongation in the QTc interval and palpitations). Concomitant treatment with ketoconazole or other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should therefore be avoided unless the benefits outweigh the potentially increased risk of systemic side effects of salmeterol treatment (see section 4.5).
Paediatric population
Children and adolescents <16 years taking high doses of fluticasone propionate (typically ^ 1000 micrograms/day) may be at particular risk of systemic effects. Systemic effects may occur, particularly at high doses prescribed for long periods. Possible systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, acute adrenal crisis and growth retardation in children and adolescents and more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression. Consideration should be given to referring the child or adolescent to a paediatric respiratory specialist.
It is recommended that the height of children receiving prolonged treatment with inhaled corticosteroid is regularly monitored. The dose of inhaled corticosteroid should be reduced to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained. To Note: Aloflute is only available in two strengths, it is not available in a lower strength product containing salmeterol 25 microgram and fluticasone propionate 50 microgram, the strength which would be prescribed for use in children. Furthermore the safety and efficacy of Aloflute in children, 12 years and younger and adolescents, 13-17 years of age have not been established. No data are available. Aloflute is not recommended for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age at this time (see section 4.2).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
P adrenergic blockers may weaken or antagonise the effect of salmeterol. Both non-selective and selective P blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma, unless there are compelling reasons for their use. Potentially serious hypokalaemia may result from p2 agonist therapy. Particular caution is advised in acute severe asthma as this effect may be potentiated by concomitant treatment with xanthine derivatives, steroids and diuretics.
Concomitant use of other P adrenergic containing drugs can have a potentially additive effect.
Fluticasone Propionate
Under normal circumstances, low plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate are achieved after inhaled dosing, due to extensive first pass metabolism and high systemic clearance mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4 in the gut and liver. Hence, clinically significant drug interactions mediated by fluticasone propionate are unlikely.
In an interaction study in healthy subjects with intranasal fluticasone propionate, ritonavir (a highly potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor) 100 mg b.i.d. increased the fluticasone propionate plasma concentrations several hundred fold, resulting in markedly reduced serum cortisol concentrations. Information about this interaction is lacking for inhaled fluticasone propionate, but a marked increase in fluticasone propionate plasma levels is expected. Cases of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression have been reported. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs the increased risk of systemic glucocorticoid side effects.
In a small study in healthy volunteers, the slightly less potent CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole increased the exposure of fluticasone propionate after a single inhalation by 150%. This resulted in a greater reduction of plasma cortisol as compared with fluticasone propionate alone. Co-treatment with other potent CYP3A inhibitors, such as itraconazole, and moderate CYP3A inhibitors, such as erythromycin, is also expected to increase the systemic fluticasone propionate exposure and the risk of systemic side effects. Caution is recommended and long-term treatment with such drugs should if possible be avoided.
Salmeterol
Potent CYP3A4 inhibitors
Co-administration of ketoconazole (400 mg orally once daily) and salmeterol (50 micrograms inhaled twice daily) in 15 healthy subjects for 7 days resulted in a significant increase in plasma salmeterol exposure (1.4-fold Cmax and 15fold AUC). This may lead to an increase in the incidence of other systemic effects of salmeterol treatment (e.g. prolongation of QTc interval and palpitations) compared with salmeterol or ketoconazole treatment alone (see section 4.4).
Clinically significant effects were not seen on blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose and blood potassium levels. Co-administration with ketoconazole did not increase the elimination half-life of salmeterol or increase salmeterol accumulation with repeat dosing.
The concomitant administration of ketoconazole should be avoided, unless the benefits outweigh the potentially increased risk of systemic side effects of salmeterol treatment. There is likely to be a similar risk of interaction with other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. itraconazole, telithromycin, ritonavir).
Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors
Co-administration of erythromycin (500 mg orally three times a day) and salmeterol (50 micrograms inhaled twice daily) in 15 healthy subjects for 6 days resulted in a small but non-statistically significant increase in salmeterol exposure (1.4-fold Cmax and 1.2-fold AUC). Co-administration with erythromycin was not associated with any serious adverse effects.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Fertility
There are no data in humans. However, animal studies showed no effects of salmeterol or fluticasone propionate on fertility.
Pregnancy
A moderate amount of data on pregnant women (between 300 to 1000 pregnancy outcomes) indicate no malformative or feto/neonatal toxicity of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity after administration of p2 adrenoreceptor agonists and glucocorticosteroids (see section 5.3).
Administration of Aloflute to pregnant women should only be considered if the expected benefit to the mother is greater than any possible risk to the fetus. The lowest effective dose of fluticasone propionate needed to maintain adequate asthma control should be used in the treatment of pregnant women. Breastfeeding
It is unknown whether salmeterol and fluticasone propionate/metabolites are excreted in human milk.
Studies have shown that salmeterol and fluticasone propionate, and their metabolites, are excreted into the milk of lactating rats.
A risk to breastfed newborns/infants cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue Aloflute therapy taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Aloflute has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
As Aloflute contains salmeterol and fluticasone propionate, the type and severity of adverse reactions associated with each of the compounds may be expected. There is no incidence of additional adverse events following concurrent administration of the two compounds.
Adverse events which have been associated with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate are given below, listed by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Frequencies were derived from clinical trial data. The incidence in placebo was not taken into account.
|
System Organ Class |
Adverse Event |
Frequency |
|
Infections & Infestations |
Candidiasis of the mouth and throat Pneumonia Bronchitis Oesophageal candidiasis |
Common Common1,3 Common1,3 Rare |
|
Immune System Disorders |
Hypersensitivity reactions with the following manifestations: |
|
Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions |
Uncommon | |
|
Angioedema (mainly facial and oropharyngeal oedema) |
Rare | |
|
Respiratory symptoms (dyspnoea) |
Uncommon | |
|
Respiratory symptoms (bronchospasm) |
Rare | |
|
Anaphylactic reactions including anaphylactic shock |
Rare | |
|
Endocrine Disorders |
Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, Adrenal suppression, Growth retardation in children and adolescents, Decreased bone mineral density |
Rare4 |
|
Metabolism & Nutrition Disorders |
Hypokalaemia Hyperglycaemia |
Common3 Uncommon4 |
|
Psychiatric Disorders |
Anxiety |
Uncommon |
|
Sleep disorders |
Uncommon | |
|
Behavioural changes, including psychomotor hyperactivity and irritability (predominantly in children) |
Rare | |
|
Depression, aggression (predominantly in children) |
Not Known | |
|
Nervous System Disorders |
Headache Tremor |
Very Common1 Uncommon |
|
Eye disorder |
Cataract |
Uncommon |
|
Glaucoma |
Rare4 | |
|
Cardiac Disorders |
Palpitations |
Uncommon |
|
Tachycardia |
Uncommon | |
|
Cardiac arrhythmias (including, supraventricular tachycardia and extrasystoles). |
Rare | |
|
Atrial fibrillation |
Uncommon | |
|
Angina pectoris |
Uncommon | |
|
Respiratory, Thoracic & Mediastinal Disorders |
Nasopharyngitis |
Very 2 3 Common ’ |
|
Throat irritation |
Common | |
|
Hoarseness/dysphonia |
Common | |
|
Sinusitis |
Common1,3 | |
|
Paradoxical bronchospasm |
Rare4 | |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Contusions |
Common1,3 |
|
Musculoskeletal & |
Muscle cramps |
Common |
|
Connective Tissue Disorders |
Traumatic fractures |
Common1,3 |
|
Arthralgia |
Common | |
|
Myalgia |
Common |
1 Reported commonly in placebo
2
Reported very commonly in placebo
3 Reported over 3 years in a COPD study
4 See section 4.4
Description of selected adverse reactions
The pharmacological side effects of p2 agonist treatment, such as tremor, palpitations and headache, have been reported, but tend to be transient and reduce with regular therapy.
As with other inhalation therapy paradoxical bronchospasm may occur with an immediate increase in wheezing and shortness of breath after dosing. Paradoxical bronchospasm responds to a rapid-acting bronchodilator and should be treated straightaway. Aloflute should be discontinued immediately, the patient assessed and alternative therapy instituted if necessary.
Due to the fluticasone propionate component, hoarseness and candidiasis (thrush) of the mouth and throat and, rarely, of the oesophagus can occur in some patients. Both hoarseness and incidence of mouth and throat candidiasis may be relieved by rinsing the mouth with water and/or brushing the teeth after using the product. Symptomatic mouth and throat candidiasis can be treated with topical anti-fungal therapy whilst still continuing with Aloflute. Paediatric population
Possible systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression and growth retardation in children and adolescents (see section 4.4). Children may also experience anxiety, sleep disorders and behavioural changes, including hyperactivity and irritability.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
There are no data available from clinical trials on overdose with Aloflute, however data on overdose with both drugs are given below:
The signs and symptoms of salmeterol overdose are dizziness, increases in systolic blood pressure, tremor, headache and tachycardia. If Aloflute therapy has to be withdrawn due to overdose of the P agonist component of the drug, provision of appropriate replacement steroid therapy should be considered. Additionally, hypokalaemia can occur and therefore serum potassium levels should be monitored. Potassium replacement should be considered.
Acute: Acute inhalation of fluticasone propionate doses in excess of those recommended may lead to temporary suppression of adrenal function. This does not need emergency action as adrenal function is recovered in a few days, as verified by plasma cortisol measurements.
Chronic overdose of inhaled fluticasone propionate: Adrenal reserve should be monitored and treatment with a systemic corticosteroid may be necessary. When stabilised, treatment should be continued with an inhaled corticosteroid at the recommended dose. Refer to section 4.4: risk of adrenal suppression.
In cases of both acute and chronic fluticasone propionate overdose, Aloflute therapy should be continued at a suitable dosage for symptom control.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Adrenergics and other anti-asthmatics.
ATC Code: R03AK06
Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects
Aloflute contains salmeterol and fluticasone propionate which have differing modes of action.
The respective mechanisms of action of both drugs are discussed below. Salmeterol:
Salmeterol is a selective long-acting (12 hour) p2 adrenoceptor agonist with a long side chain which binds to the exo-site of the receptor.
Salmeterol produces a longer duration of bronchodilation, lasting for at least 12 hours, than recommended doses of conventional short-acting p2 agonists. Fluticasone propionate:
Fluticasone propionate given by inhalation at recommended doses has a glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory action within the lungs, resulting in reduced symptoms and exacerbations of asthma, with less adverse effects than when corticosteroids are administered systemically.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Asthma clinical trials A twelve month study (Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL, GOAL), in 3416 adult and adolescent patients with persistent asthma, compared the safety and efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus inhaled corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) alone to determine whether the goals of asthma management were achievable. Treatment was stepped up every 12 weeks until **total control was achieved or the highest dose of study drug was reached. GOAL showed more patients treated with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate achieved asthma control than patients treated with ICS alone and this control was attained at a lower corticosteroid dose. 1 controlled week was 16 days in the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate treatment compared to 23 days following treatment with ICS.
The overall study results showed:
|
Percentage of Patients Attaining 1Well Controlled (WC) and **Totally Controlled (TC) Asthma over 12 months | ||||
|
Pre-Study Treatment |
Salmeterol/FP |
FP | ||
|
WC |
TC |
WC |
TC | |
|
No ICS (SABA alone) |
78% |
50% |
70% |
40% |
|
Low dose ICS (A 500 microgram BDP or equivalent/day) |
75% |
44% |
60% |
28% |
|
Medium dose ICS (>500 to 1000 microgram BDP or equivalent/day) |
62% |
29% |
47% |
16% |
|
Pooled results across the 3 treatment levels |
71% |
41% |
59% |
28% |
*Well controlled asthma; less than or equal to 2 days with symptom score greater than 1 (symptom score 1 defined as ‘symptoms for one short period during the day’), SABA use on less than or equal to 2 days and less than or equal to 4 occasions/week, greater than or equal to 80% predicted morning peak expiratory flow, no night-time awakenings, no exacerbations and no side effects enforcing a change in therapy ** Total control of asthma; no symptoms, no SABA use, greater than or equal to 80% predicted morning peak expiratory flow, no night-time awakenings, no exacerbations and no side effects enforcing a change in therapy
The results of this study suggest that salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/100 microgram bd may be considered as initial maintenance therapy in patients with moderate persistent asthma for whom rapid control of asthma is deemed essential (see section 4.2).
A double-blind, randomised, parallel group study in 318 patients with persistent asthma aged ^ 18 years evaluated the safety and tolerability of administering two inhalations twice daily (double dose) of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate for two weeks. The study showed that doubling the inhalations of each strength of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate for up to 14 days resulted in a small increase in P agonist-related adverse events (tremor; 1 patient [1%] vs 0, palpitations; 6 [3%] vs 1 [<1%], muscle cramps; 6[3%] vs 1 [<1%]) and a similar incidence of inhaled corticosteroid-related adverse events (e.g. oral candidiasis; 6 [6%] vs 16 [8%], hoarseness; 2 [2%] vs 4 [2%]) compared to one inhalation twice daily. The small increase in P agonist-related adverse events should be taken into account if doubling the dose of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate is considered by the physician in adult patients requiring additional short-term (up to 14 days) inhaled corticosteroid therapy.
The Salmeterol Multi-center Asthma Research Trial (SMART)
SMART was a multi-centre, randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group 28-week study in the US which randomised 13,176 patients to salmeterol (50 micrograms twice daily) and 13,179 patients to placebo in addition to the patients' usual asthma therapy. Patients were enrolled if s 12
years of age, with asthma and if currently using asthma medication (but not a LABA). Baseline ICS use at study entry was recorded, but not required in the study. The primary endpoint in SMART was the combined number of respiratory-related deaths and respiratory-related life-threatening experiences. Key findings from SMART: primary endpoint_
|
Patient group |
Number of primary endpoint events /number of patients |
Relative Risk (95% confidence intervals) | |
|
salmeterol |
placebo | ||
|
All patients |
50/13,176 |
36/13,179 |
1.40 (0.91, 2.14) |
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
23/6,127 |
19/6,138 |
1.21 (0.66, 2.23) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
27/7,049 |
17/7,041 |
1.60 (0.87, 2.93) |
|
African-American patients |
20/2,366 |
5/2,319 |
4.10 (1.54, 10.90) |
(Risk in bold is statistically significant at the 95% level.)
Key findings from SMART by inhaled steroid use at baseline: secondary endpoints
|
Number of secondary endpoint events /number of patients |
Relative Risk (95% confidence intervals) | ||
|
salmeterol |
placebo | ||
|
Respiratory-related death | |||
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
10/6127 |
5/6138 |
2.01 (0.69, 5.86) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
14/7049 |
6/7041 |
2.28 (0.88, 5.94) |
|
Combined asthma-related death or life-threatening experience | |||
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
16/6127 |
13/6138 |
1.24 (0.60, 2.58) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
21/7049 |
9/7041 |
2.39 (1.10, 5.22) |
|
Asthma-related death | |||
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
4/6127 |
3/6138 |
1.35 (0.30, 6.04) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
9/7049 |
0/7041 |
* |
(*=could not be calculated because of no events in placebo group. Risk in bold figures is statistically significant at the 95% level. The secondary endpoints in the table above reached statistical significance in the whole population.) The secondary endpoints of combined all cause death or life-threatening experience, all cause death, or all cause hospitalisation did not reach statistical significance in the whole population.
Paediatric population
In trial SAM101667, in 158 children aged 6 to 16 years with symptomatic asthma, the combination of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate is equally efficacious to doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate regarding symptom
control and lung function. This study was not designed to investigate the effect on exacerbations.
In a trial which randomized children aged 4 to 11 years [n=428], salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Diskus® (50/100 microgram, one inhalation twice daily) was compared with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate MDI (25/50 microgram, two inhalations twice daily) over a 12-week treatment period. The adjusted mean change from baseline in mean morning peak expiratory flow over Weeks 1-12 was 37.7L/min in the Diskus® group and 38.6L/min in the MDI group. Improvements were also seen in both treatment groups on rescue and symptom free days and nights.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
When salmeterol and fluticasone propionate were administered in combination by the inhaled route, the pharmacokinetics of each component were similar to those observed when the drugs were administered separately. For pharmacokinetic purposes therefore each component can be considered separately.
Salmeterol
Salmeterol acts locally in the lung therefore plasma levels are not an indication of therapeutic effects. In addition there are only limited data available on the pharmacokinetics of salmeterol because of the technical difficulty of assaying the drug in plasma due to the low plasma concentrations at therapeutic doses (approximately 200 picogram/mL or less) achieved after inhaled dosing. Fluticasone propionate
The absolute bioavailability of a single dose of inhaled fluticasone propionate in healthy subjects varies between approximately 5 to 11% of the nominal dose depending on the inhalation device used. In patients with asthma a lesser degree of systemic exposure to inhaled fluticasone propionate has been observed.
Systemic absorption occurs mainly through the lungs and is initially rapid then prolonged. The remainder of the inhaled dose may be swallowed but contributes minimally to systemic exposure due to the low aqueous solubility and pre-systemic metabolism, resulting in oral availability of less than 1%. There is a linear increase in systemic exposure with increasing inhaled dose. The disposition of fluticasone propionate is characterised by high plasma clearance (1150 mL/min), a large volume of distribution at steady-state (approximately 300 L) and a terminal half-life of approximately 8 hours. Plasma protein binding is 91%.
Fluticasone propionate is cleared very rapidly from the systemic circulation. The main pathway is metabolism to an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite, by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. Other unidentified metabolites are also found in the faeces.
The renal clearance of fluticasone propionate is negligible. Less than 5% of the dose is excreted in urine, mainly as metabolites. The main part of the dose is excreted in faeces as metabolites and unchanged drug.
Paediatric population
The effect of 21 days of treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate inhaler 25/50 microgram (2 inhalations twice daily with or without a spacer) or salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Diskus® 50/100 microgram (1 inhalation twice daily) was evaluated in 31 children aged 4 to 11 years with mild asthma. Systemic exposure to fluticasone propionate was similar for salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Inhaler with spacer (107 pg hr/mL [95% CI: 45.7, 252.2]) and salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Diskus® (138 pg hr/mL [95% CI: 69.3, 273.2]), but lower for salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Inhaler (24 pg hr/mL [95% CI: 9.6, 60.2]). Systemic exposure to salmeterol was similar for salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Inhaler, salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Inhaler with spacer, and salmeterol/fluticasone propionate Diskus® (126 pg hr/mL [95% CI: 70, 225], 103 pg hr/mL [95% CI: 54, 200], and 110 pg hr/mL [95% CI: 55, 219], respectively).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
The only safety concerns for human use derived from animal studies of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate given separately were effects associated with exaggerated pharmacological actions.
In animal reproduction studies, glucocorticosteroids have been shown to induce malformations (cleft palate, skeletal malformations). However, these animal experimental results do not seem to be relevant for man given recommended doses. Animal studies with salmeterol have shown embryofetal toxicity only at high exposure levels. Following co-administration, increased incidences of transposed umbilical artery and incomplete ossification of occipital bone were found in rats at doses associated with known glucocorticoid-induced abnormalities.
The non-CFC propellant, norflurane, has been shown to have no toxic effect at very high vapour concentrations, far in excess of those likely to be experienced by patients, in a wide range of animal species exposed daily for periods of two years.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Propellant: norflurane (HFA 134a)
ethanol, anhydrous
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
2 years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C.
The canister contains a pressurised liquid. Do not expose to temperatures higher than 50°C, protect from direct sunlight. Do not pierce or burn the canister even when empty.
As with most inhaled medicinal products in pressurised canisters, the therapeutic effect of this medicinal product may decrease when the canister is cold.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
The suspension is contained in an internally lacquered, 16 mL aluminium alloy pressurised canister sealed with a metering valve. The canisters are fitted into white plastic actuators incorporating an atomising mouthpiece and fitted with burgundy dustcaps. The actuator has an integrated dose counter attached to it, which shows how many metered doses of medicine are left. The number shows through a window in the back of the plastic actuator. One pressurised canister delivers 120 metered doses.
The devices are available in cardboard containers, which hold:
1x120 metered doses inhaler
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
3M Health Care Limited
3M House
Morley Street
Loughborough
Leicestershire
LE111EP
United Kingdom
8 MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 00068/0406
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 15/05/2015
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
15/05/2015
Well controlled asthma was achieved more rapidly with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate than with ICS alone. The time on treatment for 50% of subjects to achieve a first individual well controlled week was 16 days for salmeterol/fluticasone propionate compared to 37 days for the ICS group. In the subset of steroid naive asthmatics the time to an individual well