Kliovance
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Kliovance 1 mg/0.5 mg film-coated tablets.
2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each film-coated tablet contains:
Estradiol 1 mg (as estradiol hemihydrate) and norethisterone acetate 0.5 mg. Excipient with known effect: lactose monohydrate.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Film-coated tablets.
White film-coated, round, biconvex tablets with a diameter of 6 mm. The tablets are engraved with NOVO 288 on one side and the Apis bull on the other.
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for oestrogen deficiency symptoms in postmenopausal women with more than 1 year since last menses.
Prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of future fractures who are intolerant of or contraindicated for other medicinal products approved for the prevention of osteoporosis.
The experience treating women older than 65 years is limited.
Posology and method of administration
4.2
Kliovance is a continuous combined HRT product intended for use in women with an intact uterus.
One tablet should be taken orally once a day without interruption, preferably at the same time every day.
For initiation and continuation of treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration (see also section 4.4) should be used.
A switch to a higher dose combination product could be indicated if the response after 3 months is insufficient for symptom relief.
In women with amenorrhoea and not taking HRT or women in transition from another continuous combined HRT product, treatment with Kliovance may be started on any convenient day. In women in transition from a sequential HRT regimen, treatment should start right after their withdrawal bleeding has ended.
If the patient has forgotten to take a tablet, the tablet should be taken as soon as possible within the next 12 hours. If more than 12 hours have passed, the tablet should be discarded. Forgetting a dose may increase the likelihood of breakthrough bleeding and spotting.
4.3 Contraindications
Known, past or suspected breast cancer
Known, past or suspected oestrogen-dependent malignant tumours (e.g. endometrial cancer)
Undiagnosed genital bleeding Untreated endometrial hyperplasia
Previous or current venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism)
Known thrombophilic disorders (e.g. protein C, protein S or antithrombin deficiency (see section 4.4))
Active or previous arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g. angina, myocardial infarction)
Acute liver disease or a history of liver disease as long as liver function tests have failed to return to normal
Known hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients Porphyria.
4.4
Special warnings and precautions for use
For the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, HRT should only be initiated for symptoms that adversely affect quality of life. In all cases, a careful appraisal of the risks and benefits should be undertaken at least annually and HRT should only be continued as long as the benefit outweighs the risk.
Evidence regarding the risks associated with HRT in the treatment of premature menopause is limited. Due to the low level of absolute risk in younger women, however, the balance of benefits and risks for these women may be more favourable than in older women.
Medical examination/follow-up
Before initiating or reinstituting HRT, a complete personal and family medical history should be taken. Physical (including pelvic and breast) examination should be guided by this and by the contraindications and warnings for use. During treatment, periodic check-ups are recommended of a frequency and nature adapted to the individual woman. Women should be advised what changes in their breasts should be reported to their doctor or nurse (see ‘Breast cancer’ below). Investigations, including appropriate imaging tools, e.g. mammography, should be carried out in accordance with currently accepted screening practices and modified to the clinical needs of the individual.
Conditions which need supervision
If any of the following conditions are present, have occurred previously and/or have been aggravated during pregnancy or previous hormone treatment, the patient should be closely supervised. It should be taken into account that these conditions may recur or be aggravated during treatment with Kliovance in particular:
- Leiomyoma (uterine fibroids) or endometriosis
- Risk factors for thromboembolic disorders (see below)
- Risk factors for oestrogen dependent tumours, e.g. 1st degree heredity for breast cancer
- Hypertension
- Liver disorders (e.g. liver adenoma)
- Diabetes mellitus with or without vascular involvement
- Cholelithiasis
- Migraine or (severe) headache
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- A history of endometrial hyperplasia (see below)
- Epilepsy
- Asthma
- Otosclerosis.
Reasons for immediate withdrawal of therapy
Therapy should be discontinued in case a contraindication is discovered and in the following situations:
- Jaundice or deterioration in liver function
- Significant increase in blood pressure
- New onset of migraine-type headache
- Pregnancy.
Endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma
In women with an intact uterus, the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma is increased when oestrogens are administered alone for prolonged periods. The reported increase in endometrial cancer risk among oestrogen-only users varies from 2- to 12-fold greater compared with non-users, depending on the duration of treatment and oestrogen dose (see section 4.8). After stopping treatment, the risk may remain elevated for more than 10 years.
The addition of a progestagen cyclically for at least 12 days per month/28 day cycle or continuous combined oestrogen-progestagen therapy in non-hysterectomised women prevents the excess risk associated with oestrogen-only HRT.
Breakthrough bleeding and spotting may occur during the first months of treatment. If breakthrough bleeding or spotting continues after the first months of treatment, appears after some time during therapy, or continues after treatment has been discontinued, the reason should be investigated, which may include endometrial biopsy to exclude endometrial malignancy.
Breast cancer
The overall evidence suggests an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking combined oestrogen-progestagen and possibly also oestrogen-only HRT that is dependent on the duration of taking HRT.
The randomised placebo-controlled trial, the Women’s Health Initiative study (WHI), and epidemiological studies are consistent in finding an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT that becomes apparent after about 3 years (see section 4.8).
The excess risk becomes apparent within a few years of use, but returns to baseline within a few (at most 5) years after stopping treatment.
HRT, especially oestrogen-progestagen combined treatment, increases the density of mammographic images which may adversely affect the radiological detection of breast cancer.
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is much rarer than breast cancer. Long-term (at least 5-10 years) use of oestrogen-only HRT products has been associated with a slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer (see section 4.8). Some studies, including the WHI trial, suggest that the long-term use of combined HRT may confer a similar or slightly smaller risk (see section 4.8).
Venous thromboembolism
HRT is associated with a 1.3 to 3-fold risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The occurrence of such an event is more likely in the first year of HRT than later (see section 4.8).
Patients with known thrombophilic states have an increased risk of VTE and HRT may add to this risk. HRT is therefore contraindicated in these patients (see section 4.3).
Generally recognised risk factors for VTE include use of oestrogens, older age, major surgery, prolonged immobilisation, obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), pregnancy/postpartum period, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cancer. There is no consensus about the possible role of varicose veins in VTE.
As in all postoperative patients, prophylactic measures need to be considered to prevent VTE following surgery. If prolonged immobilisation is to follow elective surgery, temporarily stopping HRT 4 to 6 weeks earlier is recommended. Treatment should not be restarted until the woman is completely mobilised.
In women with no personal history of VTE but with a first degree relative with a history of thrombosis at a young age, screening may be offered after careful counselling regarding its limitations (only a proportion of thrombophilic defects are identified by screening).
If a thrombophilic defect is identified which segregates with thrombosis in family members or if the defect is ‘severe’ (e.g. antithrombin, protein S, or protein C deficiencies or a combination of defects), HRT is contraindicated.
Women already on chronic anticoagulant treatment require careful consideration of the benefit-risk of use of HRT.
If VTE develops after initiating therapy, the drug should be discontinued. Patients should be told to contact their doctors immediately when they are aware of a potential thromboembolic symptom (e.g. painful swelling of a leg, sudden pain in the chest, dyspnoea).
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials of protection against myocardial infarction in women with or without existing CAD who received combined oestrogen-progestagen or oestrogen-only HRT.
The relative risk of CAD during use of combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT is slightly increased. As the baseline absolute risk of CAD is strongly dependent on age, the number of extra cases of CAD due to oestrogen-progestagen use is very low in healthy women close to menopause, but will rise with more advanced age.
Ischaemic stroke
Combined oestrogen-progestagen and oestrogen-only therapy are associated with an up to 1.5-fold increase in risk of ischaemic stroke. The relative risk does not change with age or time since menopause. However, as the baseline risk of stroke is strongly age-dependent, the overall risk of stroke in women who use HRT will increase with age (see section 4.8).
Other conditions
Oestrogens may cause fluid retention, and therefore patients with cardiac or renal dysfunction should be carefully observed.
Women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridaemia should be followed closely during oestrogen replacement or hormone replacement therapy, since rare cases of large increases of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis have been reported with oestrogen therapy in this condition.
Oestrogens increase thyroid binding globulin (TBG), leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T4 levels (by column or by radioimmunoassay) or T3 levels (by radioimmunoassay). T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered. Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, i.e. corticoid binding globulin (CBG), sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) leading to increased circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free or biological active hormone concentrations are unchanged. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-I-antitrypsin and ceruloplasmin).
HRT use does not improve cognitive function. There is some evidence of increased risk of probable dementia in women who start using continuous combined or oestrogen-only HRT after the age of 65.
Kliovance contains lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The metabolism of oestrogens and progestagens may be increased by concomitant use of substances known to induce drug-metabolising enzymes, specifically cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as anticonvulsants (e.g. phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine) and anti-infectives (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, nevirapine, efavirenz).
Ritonavir, telaprevir and nelfinavir, although known as strong inhibitors, by contrast exhibit inducing properties when used concomitantly with steroid hormones. Herbal preparations containing St John’s Wort (Hypericumperforatum) may induce the metabolism of oestrogens and progestagens.
Clinically, an increased metabolism of oestrogens and progestagens may lead to decreased effect and changes in the uterine bleeding profile.
Drugs that inhibit the activity of hepatic microsomal drug metabolising enzymes, e.g. ketoconazole, may increase circulating levels of the active substances in Kliovance.
Concomitant administration of cyclosporine and Kliovance may cause increased blood levels of cyclosporine, creatinine and transaminases due to decreased metabolism of cyclosporine in the liver.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Kliovance is not indicated during pregnancy.
If pregnancy occurs during medication with Kliovance, treatment should be withdrawn immediately.
Clinically, data on a limited number of exposed pregnancies indicate adverse effects of norethisterone on the foetus. At doses higher than those normally used in OC and HRT formulations, masculinisation of female foetuses was observed.
The results of most epidemiological studies to date, relevant to inadvertent foetal exposure to combinations of oestrogens and progestagens, indicate no teratogenic or foetotoxic effect.
Lactation
Kliovance is not indicated during lactation. Fertility
No data available.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Kliovance has no known effect on the ability to drive or use machines.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Clinical experience
The most frequently reported adverse events in the clinical trials with Kliovance were vaginal bleeding and breast pain/tenderness, reported in approximately 10% to 20% of patients. Vaginal bleeding usually occurred in the first months of treatment. Breast pain usually disappeared after a few months of therapy. All adverse events observed in the randomised clinical trials with a higher frequency in patients treated with Kliovance as compared to placebo, and which on an overall judgement are possibly related to treatment, are presented in the table below.
|
System organ class |
Very common > 1/10 |
Common > 1/100; < 1/10 |
Uncommon > 1/1,000; < 1/100 |
Rare > 1/10,000; < 1/1,000 |
|
Infections and infestations |
Genital candidiasis or vaginitis, see also ‘Reproductive system and breast disorders’ | |||
|
Immune system disorders |
Hypersensitivity, see also ‘Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders’ |
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Fluid retention, see also ‘General disorders and administration site conditions’ | |||
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Depression or depression aggravated |
Nervousness | ||
|
Nervous system disorders |
Headache, migraine or migraine aggravated | |||
|
Vascular disorders |
Thrombophlebitis superficial |
Deep venous thromboembolism Pulmonary embolism | ||
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Nausea |
Abdominal pain, abdominal distension or abdominal discomfort Flatulence or bloating | ||
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Alopecia, hirsutism or acne Pruritus or urticaria | |||
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Back pain |
Leg cramps | ||
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders |
Breast pain or breast tenderness Vaginal haemorrhage |
Breast oedema or breast enlargement Uterine fibroids aggravated or uterine fibroids reoccurrence or uterine fibroids | ||
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Oedema peripheral |
Drug ineffective | ||
|
Investigations |
Weight increased |
Post-marketing experience
In addition to the above mentioned adverse drug reactions, those presented below have been spontaneously reported, and are by an overall judgement considered possibly related to Kliovance treatment. The reporting rate of these spontaneous adverse drug reactions is very rare (< 1/10,000, not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)). Post-marketing experience is subject to underreporting especially with regard to trivial and well-known adverse drug reactions. The presented frequencies should be interpreted in that light:
Neoplasms benign and malignant (including cysts and polyps): Endometrial cancer Immune system disorders: Generalised hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. anaphylactic reaction/shock)
Psychiatric disorders: Insomnia, anxiety, libido decreased, libido increased
Nervous system disorders: Dizziness, stroke
Eye disorders: Visual disturbances
Cardiac disorders: Myocardial infarction
Vascular disorders: Hypertension aggravated
Gastrointestinal disorders: Dyspepsia, vomiting
Hepatobiliary disorders: Gallbladder disease, cholelithiasis, cholelithiasis aggravated, cholelithiasis recurrence
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Seborrhoea, rash, angioneurotic oedema Reproductive system and breast disorders: Endometrial hyperplasia, vulvovaginal pruritus
Investigations: Weight decreased, blood pressure increased.
Other adverse reactions have been reported in association with oestrogen/progestagen treatment:
Skin and subcutaneous disorders: Alopecia, chloasma, erythema multiforme,
erythema nodosum, vascular purpura
Probable dementia over the age of 65 (see section 4.4).
Breast cancer risk
An up to 2-fold increased risk of having breast cancer diagnosed is reported in women taking combined oestrogen-progestagen therapy for more than 5 years.
Any increased risk in users of oestrogen-only therapy is substantially lower than that seen in users of oestrogen-progestagen combinations.
The level of risk is dependent on the duration of use (see section 4.4).
Results of the largest randomised placebo-controlled trial (WHI-study) and largest epidemiological study (MWS) are presented below:
Million Women Study - Estimated additional risk of breast cancer after 5 years’ use
|
Age range (years) |
Incidence per 1,000 never-users of HRT over 5 years* |
Risk ratio** |
Additional cases per 1,000 HRT users over 5 years’ use (95% CI) |
|
Oestrogen-only HRT | |||
|
50-65 |
9-12 |
1.2 |
1-2 (0-3) |
|
Combined oestrogen-progestagen | |||
|
50-65 |
9-12 |
1.7 |
6 (5-7) |
* Taken from baseline incidence rates in developed countries.
** Overall risk ratio. The risk ratio is not constant but will increase with increasing duration on use.
Note: Since the background incidence of breast cancer differs by EU country, the number of additional cases of breast cancer will also change proportionately.
US WHI Studies - Additional risk of breast cancer after 5 years’ use
|
Age range (years) |
Incidence per 1,000 women in placebo arm over 5 years |
Risk ratio and 95% CI |
Additional cases per 1,000 HRT users over 5 years’ use (95% CI) |
|
CEE oestrogen-only | |||
|
50-79 |
21 |
0.8 (0.7-1.0) |
-4 (-6-0)* |
|
CEE+MPA oestro |
gen-progestagen** | ||
|
50-79 |
17 |
1.2 (1.0-1.5) |
4 (0-9) |
* WHI study in women with no uterus, which did not show an increase in risk of breast cancer.
** When the analysis was restricted to women who had not used HRT prior to the study there was no increased risk apparent during the first 5 years of treatment. After 5 years the risk was higher than in non-users.
Endometrial cancer risk
The endometrial cancer risk is about 5 in every 1,000 women with a uterus not using HRT.
In women with a uterus, use of oestrogen-only HRT is not recommended because it increases the risk of endometrial cancer (see section 4.4).
Depending on the duration of oestrogen-only use and oestrogen dose, the increase in risk of endometrial cancer in epidemiological studies varied from between 5 and 55 extra cases diagnosed in every 1,000 women between the ages of 50 and 65.
Adding a progestagen to oestrogen-only therapy for at least 12 days per cycle can prevent this increased risk. In the Million Women Study, the use of 5 years of combined (sequential or continuous) HRT did not increase the risk of endometrial cancer (RR of 1.0 (0.8-1.2)).
Ovarian cancer risk
Long-term use of oestrogen-only and combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT has been associated with a slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer. In the Million Women Study, 5 years of HRT resulted in 1 extra case per 2,500 users.
Risk of venous thromboembolism
HRT is associated with a 1.3- to 3-fold increased relative risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The occurrence of such an event is more likely in the first year of using HRT (see section 4.4). Results of the WHI studies are presented below:
WHI Studies - Additional risk of VTE over 5 years’ use
|
Age range (years) |
Incidence per 1,000 women in placebo arm over 5 years |
Risk ratio and 95% CI |
Additional cases per 1,000 HRT users over 5 years’ use (95% CI) |
|
Oral oestrogen-only* | |||
|
50-59 |
7 |
1.2 (0.6-2.4) |
1 (-3-10) |
|
Oral combined oestrogen-progestagen | |||
|
50-59 |
4 |
2.3 (1.2-4.3) |
5 (1-13) |
* Study in women with no uterus.
Risk of coronary artery disease
The risk of coronary artery disease is slightly increased in users of combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT over the age of 60 (see section 4.4).
Risk of ischaemic stroke
The use of oestrogen-only and oestrogen-progestagen therapy is associated with an up to 1.5-fold increased relative risk of ischaemic stroke. The risk of haemorrhagic stroke is not increased during use of HRT.
This relative risk is not dependent on age or on duration of use, but the baseline risk is strongly age-dependent. The overall risk of stroke in women who use HRT will increase with age (see section 4.4).
WHI Studies Combined - Additional risk of ischaemic stroke* over 5 years’ use
|
Age range (years) |
Incidence per 1,000 women in placebo arm over 5 years |
Risk ratio and 95% CI |
Additional cases per 1,000 HRT users over 5 years’ use (95% CI) |
|
50-59 |
8 |
1.3 (1.1-1.6) |
3 (1-5) |
* No differentiation was made between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/.
4.9. Overdose
Overdose may be manifested by nausea and vomiting. Treatment should be symptomatic.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Progestagens and oestrogens, fixed combinations, ATC code: G03FA01.
Mechanism of action
Estradiol: The active ingredient, synthetic 173-estradiol, is chemically and biologically identical to endogenous human estradiol. It substitutes for the loss of oestrogen production in postmenopausal women, and alleviates menopausal symptoms.
Oestrogens prevent bone loss following menopause or ovariectomy.
Norethisterone acetate: Synthetic progestagen with actions similar to those of progesterone, a natural female sex hormone. As oestrogens promote the growth of the endometrium, unopposed oestrogens increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. The addition of a progestagen reduces the oestrogen-induced risk of endometrial hyperplasia in non-hysterectomised women.
Pharmacodynamic effects
In clinical trials with Kliovance, the addition of the norethisterone acetate component enhanced the vasomotor symptom relieving effect of 173-estradiol.
Relief of menopausal symptoms is achieved during the first few weeks of treatment.
Kliovance is a continuous combined HRT given with the intent of avoiding the regular withdrawal bleeding associated with cyclic or sequential HRT. Amenorrhoea (no bleeding or spotting) was seen in 90% of the women during months 9-12 of treatment. Bleeding and/or spotting was observed in 27% of the women during the first 3 months of treatment and in 10% during months 10-12 of treatment.
Oestrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with an increasing bone turnover and decline in bone mass. The effect of oestrogens on the bone mineral density is dose-dependent. Protection appears to be effective for as long as treatment is continued. After discontinuation of HRT, bone mass is lost at a rate similar to that in untreated women.
Evidence from the WHI trial and meta-analysed trials shows that current use of HRT, alone or in combination with a progestagen - given to predominantly healthy women - reduces the risk of hip, vertebral and other osteoporotic fractures. HRT may also prevent fractures in women with low bone density and/or established osteoporosis, but the evidence for that is limited.
The effects of Kliovance on bone mineral density were examined in 2 two-year, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials in postmenopausal women (n=327 in one trial, including 47 on Kliovance and 48 on Kliogest (2 mg estradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate); and n=135 in the other trial, including 46 on Kliovance). All women received calcium supplementation ranging from 500 to 1,000 mg daily. Kliovance significantly prevented bone loss at the lumbar spine, total hip, distal radius and total body in comparison with calcium supplemented placebo-treated women. In early postmenopausal women (1 to 5 years since last menses), the percentage change from baseline in bone mineral density at lumbar spine, femoral neck and femoral trochanter in patients completing 2 years of treatment with Kliovance was 4.8+0.6%, 1.6+0.7% and 4.3+0.7% (mean + SEM), respectively, while with the higher dose combination containing 2 mg E2 and 1 mg NETA (Kliogest) it was 5.4+0.7%, 2.9+0.8% and 5.0+0.9%, respectively. The percentage of women who maintained or gained bone mineral density during treatment with Kliovance and Kliogest was 87% and 91%, respectively, after 2 years of treatment. In a study conducted in postmenopausal women with a mean age of 58 years, treatment with Kliovance for 2 years increased the bone mineral density at lumbar spine by
5.9+0.9%, at total hip by 4.2+1.0%, at distal radius by 2.1±0.6%, and at total body by 3.7+0.6%.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption and distribution of 173-estradiol
Following oral administration of 17p-estradiol in micronised form, rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract occurs. It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and other enteric organs, and reaches a peak plasma concentration of approximately 35 pg/ml (range 21-52 pg/ml) within 5-8 hours. The half-life of 17p-estradiol is about 12-14 hours. It circulates bound to SHBG (37%) and to albumin (61%), while only approximately 1-2% is unbound.
Biotransformation and elimination of 17p-estradiol
Metabolism of 17p-estradiol, occurs mainly in the liver and the gut but also in target organs, and involves the formation of less active or inactive metabolites, including oestrone, catecholoestrogens and several oestrogen sulfates and glucuronides. Oestrogens are excreted with the bile, hydrolysed and reabsorbed (enterohepatic circulation), and mainly eliminated in urine in biologically inactive form.
Absorption and distribution of norethisterone acetate
After oral administration, norethisterone acetate is rapidly absorbed and transformed to norethisterone (NET). It undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and other enteric organs, and reaches a peak plasma concentration of approximately 3.9 ng/ml (range 1.4-6.8 ng/ml) within 0.5-1.5 hours. The terminal half-life of NET is about 811 hours. NET binds to SHBG (36%) and to albumin (61%).
Biotransformation and elimination of norethisterone acetate
The most important metabolites are isomers of 5a-dihydro-NET and of tetrahydro-NET, which are excreted mainly in the urine as sulfate or glucuronide conjugates.
The pharmacokinetic properties in the elderly have not been studied.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
The acute toxicity of oestrogens is low. Because of marked differences between animal species and between animals and humans, preclinical results possess a limited predictive value for the application of oestrogens in humans.
In experimental animals, estradiol or estradiol valerate displayed an embryolethal effect already at relatively low doses; malformations of the urogenital tract and feminisation of male foetuses were observed.
Norethisterone, like other progestagens, caused virilisation of female foetuses in rats and monkeys. After high doses of norethisterone, embryolethal effects were observed.
Preclinical data based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential revealed no particular human risks beyond those discussed in other sections of the SPC.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core Lactose monohydrate Maize starch Copovidone Talc
Magnesium stearate
Film-coating
Hypromellose
Triacetin
Talc
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf-life
3 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C. Do not refrigerate. Keep the container in the outer carton in order to protect it from light.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
1 x 28 tablets or 3 x 28 tablets in calendar dial packs.
The calendar dial pack with 28 tablets consists of the following 3 parts:
• The base made of coloured non-transparent polypropylene.
• The ring-shaped lid made of transparent polystyrene.
• The centre-dial made of coloured non-transparent polystyrene.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7 MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Novo Nordisk Limited 3 City Place Beehive Ring Road Gatwick West Sussex RH6 0PA
8. MARKETING AUTHORIZATION NUMBER
PL 03132/0125
9 DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 06 March 1998 Date of latest renewal: 06 March 2013
10 DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
08/08/2014